An evening in Albarracín
Sunday 23rd April 2023
St George's Day.
And the first full day of the tour.
There were a number of target species, so, sites were selected so we could see these. First one of these was the Spring Ringlet, a very rare butterfly of higher meadows.
Breakfast is at half eight, and wheels an hour later, this is because it takes a while for the day to warm up and the butterflies start to bask and fly. Meaning it is a lazy start compared with last year's orchid trip.
Breakfast is in the breakfast bar, to go to, we have to go down the stairs to the ground floor, out onto the street, in the next door, down four flights of stairs, across the patio and down two more flights of stairs.
There is fresh coffee, and bread, fruit and the rest of what you would expect. Coffee is seen by staff as the most important, and who am I to argue?
We all piled into the two buses at half nine, Dave and Jon drove us on a winding route along the river valley, then up into the wooded hills, stopping in a nature reserve.
I stare out of the window and take shots of deserted farms and villages, there has been a serious exodus to the cities from here, and it shows.
"We have two hours here, be back at the bus at midday".
And we went off with cameras to hunt for the Spring Ringlets and whatever else we could find.
The day was warming up quickly, and soo the first Ringlet was seen, so we all charge over to get at least one shot, then when that flew away, we hunted more.
I found a fine female Long Tailed Blue, several Queen of Spain Fritillaries, lots of Clouded Yellows, Orange Tips, Small Heaths. We were busy.
By 12, not many Ringlets were seen, but there is another site we will visit in the forthcoming days. So we drove onto the second site, a dry river bed that had formed a gorge, and was now fed by a small stream creating small meadows.
We had lunch first, then had four hours to go and explore. Almost straight away we saw several Green Hairstreaks, and another target species, Iberial Sooty Copper, as well as more Queen of Spains and a Provencal Fritillary. Further afield, Wall Brown, regular Small Coppers, Small Blue, Large Tortoiseshells, Painted Ladies, plus the beautiful Provence Orange Tip, whose wings are a yolky yellow rather than white, but the male has the same orange wing tips.
I followed the two guides up a track to try to get shots of Large Tortoiseshells, but after a while my back told me to stop. I stopped where Jon had seen a Large Tortoiseshell earlier, so I waited. And sure enough in about five minutes, one came gliding down and landed on a tree, where I could get a distant shot.
It then swooped down and landed on a rock near my feet, allowing me to get some head on shots, before flying off when I tried to change a setting on the camera.
But I had shots.
And then on the way down to the main track, a single Iberian Scarce Swallowtail was drinking from a puddle, and kept circling round me to drink more. I got some fine shots.
And as an encore, I got shots of a Chequered Blue in a boggy area, my muddy socks worth it to see such a fine butterfly.
At half four we drive back, a half hour run up and over a mountain, then back down into the river valley once again. And then back to Albarracín.
Where, after a ten minute breather, we walked to the bar on the square for a couple of beers and a decompress chat over the beers and some pickles on a stick while watching the beautiful people out for a stroll in the evening sunshine.
Dinner was back at the pizza place, where the wine flowed once again, so then did the laughter.
After beer and wine, I thought it a good idea to go out and take shots of the streets and alleyways, lit by streetlights, and without people.
If only these stones could talk.
--------------------------------------------
Albarracín (Spanish pronunciation: [alβaraˈθin]) is a Spanish town, in the province of Teruel, part of the autonomous community of Aragon. According to the 2007 census (INE), the municipality had a population of 1075 inhabitants. Albarracín is the capital of the mountainous Sierra de Albarracín Comarca[2]
Albarracín is surrounded by stony hills and the town was declared a Monumento Nacional in 1961.[3] The many red sandstone boulders and cliffs surrounding Albarracín make it a popular rock climbing location, particularly for boulderers
The town is named for the Hawwara Berber dynasty of the Banu Razin which was their capital from the early eleventh century until it was taken by the Almoravids in 1104.[6]
From 1167 to 1300, Albarracín was an independent lordship known as the Sinyoría d'Albarrazín which was established after the partition of the Taifa of Albarracín under the control of Pedro Ruiz de Azagra. It was eventually conquered by Peter III of Aragon in 1284, and the ruling family, the House of Azagra was deposed. The last person to actually hold the title of Señor de Albarracín was Juan Núñez I de Lara, although his son, Juan Núñez II de Lara continued on as the pretender to the title until 1300 when the city and its lands were officially incorporated into the Kingdom of Aragon.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albarrac%C3%ADn#Demographic_growth
Sunday 23rd April 2023
St George's Day.
And the first full day of the tour.
There were a number of target species, so, sites were selected so we could see these. First one of these was the Spring Ringlet, a very rare butterfly of higher meadows.
Breakfast is at half eight, and wheels an hour later, this is because it takes a while for the day to warm up and the butterflies start to bask and fly. Meaning it is a lazy start compared with last year's orchid trip.
Breakfast is in the breakfast bar, to go to, we have to go down the stairs to the ground floor, out onto the street, in the next door, down four flights of stairs, across the patio and down two more flights of stairs.
There is fresh coffee, and bread, fruit and the rest of what you would expect. Coffee is seen by staff as the most important, and who am I to argue?
We all piled into the two buses at half nine, Dave and Jon drove us on a winding route along the river valley, then up into the wooded hills, stopping in a nature reserve.
I stare out of the window and take shots of deserted farms and villages, there has been a serious exodus to the cities from here, and it shows.
"We have two hours here, be back at the bus at midday".
And we went off with cameras to hunt for the Spring Ringlets and whatever else we could find.
The day was warming up quickly, and soo the first Ringlet was seen, so we all charge over to get at least one shot, then when that flew away, we hunted more.
I found a fine female Long Tailed Blue, several Queen of Spain Fritillaries, lots of Clouded Yellows, Orange Tips, Small Heaths. We were busy.
By 12, not many Ringlets were seen, but there is another site we will visit in the forthcoming days. So we drove onto the second site, a dry river bed that had formed a gorge, and was now fed by a small stream creating small meadows.
We had lunch first, then had four hours to go and explore. Almost straight away we saw several Green Hairstreaks, and another target species, Iberial Sooty Copper, as well as more Queen of Spains and a Provencal Fritillary. Further afield, Wall Brown, regular Small Coppers, Small Blue, Large Tortoiseshells, Painted Ladies, plus the beautiful Provence Orange Tip, whose wings are a yolky yellow rather than white, but the male has the same orange wing tips.
I followed the two guides up a track to try to get shots of Large Tortoiseshells, but after a while my back told me to stop. I stopped where Jon had seen a Large Tortoiseshell earlier, so I waited. And sure enough in about five minutes, one came gliding down and landed on a tree, where I could get a distant shot.
It then swooped down and landed on a rock near my feet, allowing me to get some head on shots, before flying off when I tried to change a setting on the camera.
But I had shots.
And then on the way down to the main track, a single Iberian Scarce Swallowtail was drinking from a puddle, and kept circling round me to drink more. I got some fine shots.
And as an encore, I got shots of a Chequered Blue in a boggy area, my muddy socks worth it to see such a fine butterfly.
At half four we drive back, a half hour run up and over a mountain, then back down into the river valley once again. And then back to Albarracín.
Where, after a ten minute breather, we walked to the bar on the square for a couple of beers and a decompress chat over the beers and some pickles on a stick while watching the beautiful people out for a stroll in the evening sunshine.
Dinner was back at the pizza place, where the wine flowed once again, so then did the laughter.
After beer and wine, I thought it a good idea to go out and take shots of the streets and alleyways, lit by streetlights, and without people.
If only these stones could talk.
--------------------------------------------
Albarracín (Spanish pronunciation: [alβaraˈθin]) is a Spanish town, in the province of Teruel, part of the autonomous community of Aragon. According to the 2007 census (INE), the municipality had a population of 1075 inhabitants. Albarracín is the capital of the mountainous Sierra de Albarracín Comarca[2]
Albarracín is surrounded by stony hills and the town was declared a Monumento Nacional in 1961.[3] The many red sandstone boulders and cliffs surrounding Albarracín make it a popular rock climbing location, particularly for boulderers
The town is named for the Hawwara Berber dynasty of the Banu Razin which was their capital from the early eleventh century until it was taken by the Almoravids in 1104.[6]
From 1167 to 1300, Albarracín was an independent lordship known as the Sinyoría d'Albarrazín which was established after the partition of the Taifa of Albarracín under the control of Pedro Ruiz de Azagra. It was eventually conquered by Peter III of Aragon in 1284, and the ruling family, the House of Azagra was deposed. The last person to actually hold the title of Señor de Albarracín was Juan Núñez I de Lara, although his son, Juan Núñez II de Lara continued on as the pretender to the title until 1300 when the city and its lands were officially incorporated into the Kingdom of Aragon.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albarrac%C3%ADn#Demographic_growth
- 25 times seen on flickr
- Taken on April 23, 2023
- Uploaded on June 1, 2023
- More from Jelltex: albarracín jelltex jelltecks
- More from anybody: albarracín jelltex jelltecks
An evening in Albarracín
Sunday 23rd April 2023
St George's Day.
And the first full day of the tour.
There were a number of target species, so, sites were selected so we could see these. First one of these was the Spring Ringlet, a very rare butterfly of higher meadows.
Breakfast is at half eight, and wheels an hour later, this is because it takes a while for the day to warm up and the butterflies start to bask and fly. Meaning it is a lazy start compared with last year's orchid trip.
Breakfast is in the breakfast bar, to go to, we have to go down the stairs to the ground floor, out onto the street, in the next door, down four flights of stairs, across the patio and down two more flights of stairs.
There is fresh coffee, and bread, fruit and the rest of what you would expect. Coffee is seen by staff as the most important, and who am I to argue?
We all piled into the two buses at half nine, Dave and Jon drove us on a winding route along the river valley, then up into the wooded hills, stopping in a nature reserve.
I stare out of the window and take shots of deserted farms and villages, there has been a serious exodus to the cities from here, and it shows.
"We have two hours here, be back at the bus at midday".
And we went off with cameras to hunt for the Spring Ringlets and whatever else we could find.
The day was warming up quickly, and soo the first Ringlet was seen, so we all charge over to get at least one shot, then when that flew away, we hunted more.
I found a fine female Long Tailed Blue, several Queen of Spain Fritillaries, lots of Clouded Yellows, Orange Tips, Small Heaths. We were busy.
By 12, not many Ringlets were seen, but there is another site we will visit in the forthcoming days. So we drove onto the second site, a dry river bed that had formed a gorge, and was now fed by a small stream creating small meadows.
We had lunch first, then had four hours to go and explore. Almost straight away we saw several Green Hairstreaks, and another target species, Iberial Sooty Copper, as well as more Queen of Spains and a Provencal Fritillary. Further afield, Wall Brown, regular Small Coppers, Small Blue, Large Tortoiseshells, Painted Ladies, plus the beautiful Provence Orange Tip, whose wings are a yolky yellow rather than white, but the male has the same orange wing tips.
I followed the two guides up a track to try to get shots of Large Tortoiseshells, but after a while my back told me to stop. I stopped where Jon had seen a Large Tortoiseshell earlier, so I waited. And sure enough in about five minutes, one came gliding down and landed on a tree, where I could get a distant shot.
It then swooped down and landed on a rock near my feet, allowing me to get some head on shots, before flying off when I tried to change a setting on the camera.
But I had shots.
And then on the way down to the main track, a single Iberian Scarce Swallowtail was drinking from a puddle, and kept circling round me to drink more. I got some fine shots.
And as an encore, I got shots of a Chequered Blue in a boggy area, my muddy socks worth it to see such a fine butterfly.
At half four we drive back, a half hour run up and over a mountain, then back down into the river valley once again. And then back to Albarracín.
Where, after a ten minute breather, we walked to the bar on the square for a couple of beers and a decompress chat over the beers and some pickles on a stick while watching the beautiful people out for a stroll in the evening sunshine.
Dinner was back at the pizza place, where the wine flowed once again, so then did the laughter.
After beer and wine, I thought it a good idea to go out and take shots of the streets and alleyways, lit by streetlights, and without people.
If only these stones could talk.
--------------------------------------------
Albarracín (Spanish pronunciation: [alβaraˈθin]) is a Spanish town, in the province of Teruel, part of the autonomous community of Aragon. According to the 2007 census (INE), the municipality had a population of 1075 inhabitants. Albarracín is the capital of the mountainous Sierra de Albarracín Comarca[2]
Albarracín is surrounded by stony hills and the town was declared a Monumento Nacional in 1961.[3] The many red sandstone boulders and cliffs surrounding Albarracín make it a popular rock climbing location, particularly for boulderers
The town is named for the Hawwara Berber dynasty of the Banu Razin which was their capital from the early eleventh century until it was taken by the Almoravids in 1104.[6]
From 1167 to 1300, Albarracín was an independent lordship known as the Sinyoría d'Albarrazín which was established after the partition of the Taifa of Albarracín under the control of Pedro Ruiz de Azagra. It was eventually conquered by Peter III of Aragon in 1284, and the ruling family, the House of Azagra was deposed. The last person to actually hold the title of Señor de Albarracín was Juan Núñez I de Lara, although his son, Juan Núñez II de Lara continued on as the pretender to the title until 1300 when the city and its lands were officially incorporated into the Kingdom of Aragon.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albarrac%C3%ADn#Demographic_growth
Sunday 23rd April 2023
St George's Day.
And the first full day of the tour.
There were a number of target species, so, sites were selected so we could see these. First one of these was the Spring Ringlet, a very rare butterfly of higher meadows.
Breakfast is at half eight, and wheels an hour later, this is because it takes a while for the day to warm up and the butterflies start to bask and fly. Meaning it is a lazy start compared with last year's orchid trip.
Breakfast is in the breakfast bar, to go to, we have to go down the stairs to the ground floor, out onto the street, in the next door, down four flights of stairs, across the patio and down two more flights of stairs.
There is fresh coffee, and bread, fruit and the rest of what you would expect. Coffee is seen by staff as the most important, and who am I to argue?
We all piled into the two buses at half nine, Dave and Jon drove us on a winding route along the river valley, then up into the wooded hills, stopping in a nature reserve.
I stare out of the window and take shots of deserted farms and villages, there has been a serious exodus to the cities from here, and it shows.
"We have two hours here, be back at the bus at midday".
And we went off with cameras to hunt for the Spring Ringlets and whatever else we could find.
The day was warming up quickly, and soo the first Ringlet was seen, so we all charge over to get at least one shot, then when that flew away, we hunted more.
I found a fine female Long Tailed Blue, several Queen of Spain Fritillaries, lots of Clouded Yellows, Orange Tips, Small Heaths. We were busy.
By 12, not many Ringlets were seen, but there is another site we will visit in the forthcoming days. So we drove onto the second site, a dry river bed that had formed a gorge, and was now fed by a small stream creating small meadows.
We had lunch first, then had four hours to go and explore. Almost straight away we saw several Green Hairstreaks, and another target species, Iberial Sooty Copper, as well as more Queen of Spains and a Provencal Fritillary. Further afield, Wall Brown, regular Small Coppers, Small Blue, Large Tortoiseshells, Painted Ladies, plus the beautiful Provence Orange Tip, whose wings are a yolky yellow rather than white, but the male has the same orange wing tips.
I followed the two guides up a track to try to get shots of Large Tortoiseshells, but after a while my back told me to stop. I stopped where Jon had seen a Large Tortoiseshell earlier, so I waited. And sure enough in about five minutes, one came gliding down and landed on a tree, where I could get a distant shot.
It then swooped down and landed on a rock near my feet, allowing me to get some head on shots, before flying off when I tried to change a setting on the camera.
But I had shots.
And then on the way down to the main track, a single Iberian Scarce Swallowtail was drinking from a puddle, and kept circling round me to drink more. I got some fine shots.
And as an encore, I got shots of a Chequered Blue in a boggy area, my muddy socks worth it to see such a fine butterfly.
At half four we drive back, a half hour run up and over a mountain, then back down into the river valley once again. And then back to Albarracín.
Where, after a ten minute breather, we walked to the bar on the square for a couple of beers and a decompress chat over the beers and some pickles on a stick while watching the beautiful people out for a stroll in the evening sunshine.
Dinner was back at the pizza place, where the wine flowed once again, so then did the laughter.
After beer and wine, I thought it a good idea to go out and take shots of the streets and alleyways, lit by streetlights, and without people.
If only these stones could talk.
--------------------------------------------
Albarracín (Spanish pronunciation: [alβaraˈθin]) is a Spanish town, in the province of Teruel, part of the autonomous community of Aragon. According to the 2007 census (INE), the municipality had a population of 1075 inhabitants. Albarracín is the capital of the mountainous Sierra de Albarracín Comarca[2]
Albarracín is surrounded by stony hills and the town was declared a Monumento Nacional in 1961.[3] The many red sandstone boulders and cliffs surrounding Albarracín make it a popular rock climbing location, particularly for boulderers
The town is named for the Hawwara Berber dynasty of the Banu Razin which was their capital from the early eleventh century until it was taken by the Almoravids in 1104.[6]
From 1167 to 1300, Albarracín was an independent lordship known as the Sinyoría d'Albarrazín which was established after the partition of the Taifa of Albarracín under the control of Pedro Ruiz de Azagra. It was eventually conquered by Peter III of Aragon in 1284, and the ruling family, the House of Azagra was deposed. The last person to actually hold the title of Señor de Albarracín was Juan Núñez I de Lara, although his son, Juan Núñez II de Lara continued on as the pretender to the title until 1300 when the city and its lands were officially incorporated into the Kingdom of Aragon.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albarrac%C3%ADn#Demographic_growth
- 77 times seen on flickr
- Taken on April 23, 2023
- Uploaded on June 1, 2023
- More from Jelltex: albarracín jelltex jelltecks
- More from anybody: albarracín jelltex jelltecks
An evening in Albarracín
Sunday 23rd April 2023
St George's Day.
And the first full day of the tour.
There were a number of target species, so, sites were selected so we could see these. First one of these was the Spring Ringlet, a very rare butterfly of higher meadows.
Breakfast is at half eight, and wheels an hour later, this is because it takes a while for the day to warm up and the butterflies start to bask and fly. Meaning it is a lazy start compared with last year's orchid trip.
Breakfast is in the breakfast bar, to go to, we have to go down the stairs to the ground floor, out onto the street, in the next door, down four flights of stairs, across the patio and down two more flights of stairs.
There is fresh coffee, and bread, fruit and the rest of what you would expect. Coffee is seen by staff as the most important, and who am I to argue?
We all piled into the two buses at half nine, Dave and Jon drove us on a winding route along the river valley, then up into the wooded hills, stopping in a nature reserve.
I stare out of the window and take shots of deserted farms and villages, there has been a serious exodus to the cities from here, and it shows.
"We have two hours here, be back at the bus at midday".
And we went off with cameras to hunt for the Spring Ringlets and whatever else we could find.
The day was warming up quickly, and soo the first Ringlet was seen, so we all charge over to get at least one shot, then when that flew away, we hunted more.
I found a fine female Long Tailed Blue, several Queen of Spain Fritillaries, lots of Clouded Yellows, Orange Tips, Small Heaths. We were busy.
By 12, not many Ringlets were seen, but there is another site we will visit in the forthcoming days. So we drove onto the second site, a dry river bed that had formed a gorge, and was now fed by a small stream creating small meadows.
We had lunch first, then had four hours to go and explore. Almost straight away we saw several Green Hairstreaks, and another target species, Iberial Sooty Copper, as well as more Queen of Spains and a Provencal Fritillary. Further afield, Wall Brown, regular Small Coppers, Small Blue, Large Tortoiseshells, Painted Ladies, plus the beautiful Provence Orange Tip, whose wings are a yolky yellow rather than white, but the male has the same orange wing tips.
I followed the two guides up a track to try to get shots of Large Tortoiseshells, but after a while my back told me to stop. I stopped where Jon had seen a Large Tortoiseshell earlier, so I waited. And sure enough in about five minutes, one came gliding down and landed on a tree, where I could get a distant shot.
It then swooped down and landed on a rock near my feet, allowing me to get some head on shots, before flying off when I tried to change a setting on the camera.
But I had shots.
And then on the way down to the main track, a single Iberian Scarce Swallowtail was drinking from a puddle, and kept circling round me to drink more. I got some fine shots.
And as an encore, I got shots of a Chequered Blue in a boggy area, my muddy socks worth it to see such a fine butterfly.
At half four we drive back, a half hour run up and over a mountain, then back down into the river valley once again. And then back to Albarracín.
Where, after a ten minute breather, we walked to the bar on the square for a couple of beers and a decompress chat over the beers and some pickles on a stick while watching the beautiful people out for a stroll in the evening sunshine.
Dinner was back at the pizza place, where the wine flowed once again, so then did the laughter.
After beer and wine, I thought it a good idea to go out and take shots of the streets and alleyways, lit by streetlights, and without people.
If only these stones could talk.
--------------------------------------------
Albarracín (Spanish pronunciation: [alβaraˈθin]) is a Spanish town, in the province of Teruel, part of the autonomous community of Aragon. According to the 2007 census (INE), the municipality had a population of 1075 inhabitants. Albarracín is the capital of the mountainous Sierra de Albarracín Comarca[2]
Albarracín is surrounded by stony hills and the town was declared a Monumento Nacional in 1961.[3] The many red sandstone boulders and cliffs surrounding Albarracín make it a popular rock climbing location, particularly for boulderers
The town is named for the Hawwara Berber dynasty of the Banu Razin which was their capital from the early eleventh century until it was taken by the Almoravids in 1104.[6]
From 1167 to 1300, Albarracín was an independent lordship known as the Sinyoría d'Albarrazín which was established after the partition of the Taifa of Albarracín under the control of Pedro Ruiz de Azagra. It was eventually conquered by Peter III of Aragon in 1284, and the ruling family, the House of Azagra was deposed. The last person to actually hold the title of Señor de Albarracín was Juan Núñez I de Lara, although his son, Juan Núñez II de Lara continued on as the pretender to the title until 1300 when the city and its lands were officially incorporated into the Kingdom of Aragon.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albarrac%C3%ADn#Demographic_growth
Sunday 23rd April 2023
St George's Day.
And the first full day of the tour.
There were a number of target species, so, sites were selected so we could see these. First one of these was the Spring Ringlet, a very rare butterfly of higher meadows.
Breakfast is at half eight, and wheels an hour later, this is because it takes a while for the day to warm up and the butterflies start to bask and fly. Meaning it is a lazy start compared with last year's orchid trip.
Breakfast is in the breakfast bar, to go to, we have to go down the stairs to the ground floor, out onto the street, in the next door, down four flights of stairs, across the patio and down two more flights of stairs.
There is fresh coffee, and bread, fruit and the rest of what you would expect. Coffee is seen by staff as the most important, and who am I to argue?
We all piled into the two buses at half nine, Dave and Jon drove us on a winding route along the river valley, then up into the wooded hills, stopping in a nature reserve.
I stare out of the window and take shots of deserted farms and villages, there has been a serious exodus to the cities from here, and it shows.
"We have two hours here, be back at the bus at midday".
And we went off with cameras to hunt for the Spring Ringlets and whatever else we could find.
The day was warming up quickly, and soo the first Ringlet was seen, so we all charge over to get at least one shot, then when that flew away, we hunted more.
I found a fine female Long Tailed Blue, several Queen of Spain Fritillaries, lots of Clouded Yellows, Orange Tips, Small Heaths. We were busy.
By 12, not many Ringlets were seen, but there is another site we will visit in the forthcoming days. So we drove onto the second site, a dry river bed that had formed a gorge, and was now fed by a small stream creating small meadows.
We had lunch first, then had four hours to go and explore. Almost straight away we saw several Green Hairstreaks, and another target species, Iberial Sooty Copper, as well as more Queen of Spains and a Provencal Fritillary. Further afield, Wall Brown, regular Small Coppers, Small Blue, Large Tortoiseshells, Painted Ladies, plus the beautiful Provence Orange Tip, whose wings are a yolky yellow rather than white, but the male has the same orange wing tips.
I followed the two guides up a track to try to get shots of Large Tortoiseshells, but after a while my back told me to stop. I stopped where Jon had seen a Large Tortoiseshell earlier, so I waited. And sure enough in about five minutes, one came gliding down and landed on a tree, where I could get a distant shot.
It then swooped down and landed on a rock near my feet, allowing me to get some head on shots, before flying off when I tried to change a setting on the camera.
But I had shots.
And then on the way down to the main track, a single Iberian Scarce Swallowtail was drinking from a puddle, and kept circling round me to drink more. I got some fine shots.
And as an encore, I got shots of a Chequered Blue in a boggy area, my muddy socks worth it to see such a fine butterfly.
At half four we drive back, a half hour run up and over a mountain, then back down into the river valley once again. And then back to Albarracín.
Where, after a ten minute breather, we walked to the bar on the square for a couple of beers and a decompress chat over the beers and some pickles on a stick while watching the beautiful people out for a stroll in the evening sunshine.
Dinner was back at the pizza place, where the wine flowed once again, so then did the laughter.
After beer and wine, I thought it a good idea to go out and take shots of the streets and alleyways, lit by streetlights, and without people.
If only these stones could talk.
--------------------------------------------
Albarracín (Spanish pronunciation: [alβaraˈθin]) is a Spanish town, in the province of Teruel, part of the autonomous community of Aragon. According to the 2007 census (INE), the municipality had a population of 1075 inhabitants. Albarracín is the capital of the mountainous Sierra de Albarracín Comarca[2]
Albarracín is surrounded by stony hills and the town was declared a Monumento Nacional in 1961.[3] The many red sandstone boulders and cliffs surrounding Albarracín make it a popular rock climbing location, particularly for boulderers
The town is named for the Hawwara Berber dynasty of the Banu Razin which was their capital from the early eleventh century until it was taken by the Almoravids in 1104.[6]
From 1167 to 1300, Albarracín was an independent lordship known as the Sinyoría d'Albarrazín which was established after the partition of the Taifa of Albarracín under the control of Pedro Ruiz de Azagra. It was eventually conquered by Peter III of Aragon in 1284, and the ruling family, the House of Azagra was deposed. The last person to actually hold the title of Señor de Albarracín was Juan Núñez I de Lara, although his son, Juan Núñez II de Lara continued on as the pretender to the title until 1300 when the city and its lands were officially incorporated into the Kingdom of Aragon.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albarrac%C3%ADn#Demographic_growth
- 51 times seen on flickr
- Taken on April 23, 2023
- Uploaded on June 1, 2023
- More from Jelltex: albarracín jelltex jelltecks
- More from anybody: albarracín jelltex jelltecks
Cold Springs climbing rock with a cloud
- 1 times seen on flickr
- Taken on May 28, 2023
- Uploaded on May 31, 2023
- More from dlalcyon:
- More from anybody:
Way Up
- 209 times seen on flickr
- Taken on May 1, 2023
- Uploaded on May 31, 2023
- More from cleberprhk: alpinism bouldering climbing mountaineering rock scaling
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205
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Out-of-body experience...How to Have an Out of Body Experience...Theo's depiction of the separation stage of an out-of-body experience, which often precedes free movement
An out-of-body experience (OBE or sometimes OOBE) is an experience in which a person seems to perceive the world from a location outside their physical body. An OBE is a form of autoscopy (literally "seeing self"), although the term autoscopy more commonly refers to the pathological condition of seeing a second self, or doppelgänger.Do you want to float around the astral plane without dying first? Are you longing to leave your body at home for a few hours to explore the cosmos? People report out-of-body experiences (OBEs) while dreaming, during near-death experiences, or through relaxation techniques such as meditation. For some people, having an OBE can be like being Alice in your very own Wonderland. Read on to learn how to experience this on purpose.Ready your mind and body. Choose a quiet place you find relaxing. You can be indoors or outdoors, as long as you are comfortable. Make sure you won't be interrupted. OBEs are most common in the morning at 4:00am-6:00am, however trying this at night or when you are tired will probably just make you fall asleep.
Find a comfortable position, either sitting or lying down. Many people choose to lie down on their backs, but be forewarned that temporary sleep paralysis is more likely in this position if you do fall asleep. These may consist of dark figures, ghosts or whatever you fear entering your room. Though this may sound scary, the more you realise they cannot physically harm you for they are your mind's creation, the less scary it is to endure.
Affirm to yourself that you are going to have an out-of-body experience. Say to yourself "Mind awake-Body Asleep" or "I will have a lucid dream." Repeat this several times until it is the only thought left in your mind. Close your eyes and relax. Become less conscious of your external surroundings. Empty your mind of thoughts and ideas. Meditation techniques can be helpful here to maintain an empty mind while still remaining focused and aware. Allow yourself to almost fall asleep. Actually sleeping would defeat the purpose. Instead, let yourself drift close to sleep while concentrating on being conscious of your sensations and mental state. Feel a vibrating sensation in your body. As you relax further, you should become more aware of what's happening inside your mind and body than anything happening in the room around you. Try to feel the vibration of your body, coming from both the larger pulse of your blood and breath to the individual movements of your cells. You may think you hear sounds like a tornado/wind. The urge to move here will be tremendous, especially if it's your first time. Just relax deeper and deeper until the sounds passes, but avoid falling asleep.
Try to slow the vibration. Visualize the movements of your body slowing and the sounds and sensations of vibrations getting fainter. Soon everything will be completely silent and your body will be still. Let your body become paralyzed. Some say it feels like a lead blanket has been placed over you. You may notice all of a sudden that you can't move your arms or legs. Don't panic! If you try to force yourself to move you may wake up. You will, however, be able to move your eyes, mouth, nose, and face, so try moving those slightly instead. Feel your hands grasping an invisible rope. Don't move your actual hands or visualize the rope. The "rope method" relies on the imaginary feeling of the rope, not a mental image. Focus on the texture, thickness and heftiness of the rope. Feel the tension in your arms between the strength of the rope and the pull of your weight. If you have trouble using the rope technique, try imagining a ladder instead. Some people find this easier, especially if they are more accustomed to climbing ladders than ropes.
Use the rope to pull yourself up and start climbing. Feel your muscles contract and your body move upward when you pull. Don't visualize: imagine you are doing this in pure darkness. Keep going up. Soon you will find yourself out of your body, triggering the "projection reflex."
If you experience vibrations in your body as you climb, try to relax more, or else you will only lose more energy and it will become harder.
If you have trouble, try climbing up as you inhale and then resting as you exhale.
The rope method is a more practical variation on the more iconic technique of visualizing yourself floating up. Though floating out of one's body all at once makes for a better image in the movies, it's not as effective in real life.
Open your astral eyes. Once you know you are out of your body, open your eyes. You should be viewing your room from the side of your bed, with your body still lying there still with eyes closed.
If you want, try to open your third eye first, low on the center of your forehead.
Visualize every detail of the space around you. Make sure you get a good look at your surroundings before you lie down. Now try to recall and feel the location and shape of every object in the room, as it looks from where you are resting.
Visualize the space around you as seen from a different point in the room. Once you have the image of the room clear in your mind's eye, shift that perspective to try to see that image as though you were standing over or near your body. In some ways you should already feel like you have left your body.
Rise from your body to the spot you were visualizing from. Stay very relaxed, but be forceful in your will to gently bring yourself to that point. Feel yourself moving up and over to that space, and visualize your perspective changing. Then open your astral eyes.
www.wikihow.com/Have-an-Out-of-Body-Experience
The term out-of-body experience was introduced in 1943 by G. N. M. Tyrrell in his book Apparitions, and was adopted by researchers such as Celia Green and Robert Monroe[3] as an alternative to belief-centric labels such as "astral projection", "soul travel", or "spirit walking". OBEs can be induced by brain traumas, sensory deprivation, near-death experiences, dissociative and psychedelic drugs, dehydration, sleep, and electrical stimulation of the brain, among others. It can also be deliberately induced by some. One in ten people have an OBE once, or more commonly, several times in their life.
Neuroscientists and psychologists regard OBEs as dissociative experiences arising from different psychological and neurological factors.
Those experiencing OBEs sometimes report (among other types of immediate and spontaneous experience) a preceding and initiating lucid-dream state. In many cases, people who claim to have had an OBE report being on the verge of sleep, or being already asleep shortly before the experience. A large percentage of these cases refer to situations where the sleep was not particularly deep (due to illness, noises in other rooms, emotional stress, exhaustion from overworking, frequent re-awakening, etc.). In most of these cases subjects perceive themselves as being awake; about half of them note a feeling of sleep paralysis.
Near-death experiences
Main article: Near-death experience
Another form of spontaneous OBE is the near-death experience (NDE). Some subjects report having had an OBE at times of severe physical trauma such as near-drownings or major surgery. Near-death experiences may include subjective impressions of being outside the physical body, sometimes visions of deceased relatives and religious figures, and transcendence of ego and spatiotemporal boundaries.Typically the experience includes such factors as: a sense of being dead; a feeling of peace and painlessness; hearing of various non-physical sounds, an out-of-body experience; a tunnel experience (the sense of moving up or through a narrow passageway); encountering "beings of light" and a God-like figure or similar entities; being given a "life review", and a reluctance to return to life.
Resulting from extreme physical effort
Along the same lines as an NDE, extreme physical effort during activities such as high-altitude climbing and marathon running can induce OBEs. A sense of bilocation may be experienced, with both ground and air-based perspectives being experienced simultaneously.
Induced
Chemical
OBEs can be induced by hallucinogens (particularly dissociatives) such as psilocybin, ketamine, DMT, MDA, and LSD.
Mental induction
Falling asleep physically without losing awareness. The "Mind Awake, Body Asleep" state is widely suggested as a cause of OBEs, voluntary and otherwise. Thomas Edison used this state to tackle problems while working on his inventions. He would rest a silver dollar on his head while sitting with a metal bucket in a chair. As he drifted off, the coin would noisily fall into the bucket, restoring some of his alertness. OBE pioneer Sylvan Muldoon more simply used a forearm held perpendicular in bed as the falling object. Salvador Dalí was said to use a similar "paranoiac-critical" method to gain odd visions which inspired his paintings. Deliberately teetering between awake and asleep states is known to cause spontaneous trance episodes at the onset of sleep which are ultimately helpful when attempting to induce an OBE. By moving deeper and deeper into relaxation, one eventually encounters a "slipping" feeling if the mind is still alert. This slipping is reported to feel like leaving the physical body. Some consider progressive relaxation a passive form of sensory deprivation.
Deep trance, meditation and visualization. The types of visualizations vary; some common analogies include climbing a rope to "pull out" of one's body, floating out of one's body, getting shot out of a cannon, and other similar approaches. This technique is considered hard to use for people who cannot properly relax. One example of such a technique is the popular Golden Dawn "Body of Light" Technique.
Mechanical induction
Brainwave synchronization via audio/visual stimulation. Binaural beats can be used to induce specific brainwave frequencies,[30] notably those predominant in various mind awake/body asleep states. Binaural induction of a "body asleep" 4 Hertz brainwave frequency was observed as effective by the Monroe Institute, and some authors consider binaural beats to be significantly supportive of OBE initiation when used in conjunction with other techniques. Simultaneous introduction of "mind awake" beta frequencies (detectable in the brains of normal, relaxed awakened individuals) was also observed as constructive. Another popular technology uses sinusoidal wave pulses to achieve similar results, and the drumming accompanying Native American religious ceremonies is also believed to have heightened receptivity to "other worlds" through brainwave entrainment mechanisms.
Magnetic stimulation of the brain, as with the God helmet developed by Michael Persinger.
Direct stimulation of the vestibular cortex.
Electrical stimulation of the brain, particularly the temporoparietal junction (see Blanke study below).
Sensory deprivation. This approach aims to induce intense disorientation by removal of space and time references. Flotation tanks or pink noise played through headphones are often employed for this purpose.
Sensory overload, the opposite of sensory deprivation. The subject can for instance be rocked for a long time in a specially designed cradle, or submitted to light forms of torture, to cause the brain to shut itself off from all sensory input. Both conditions tend to cause confusion and this disorientation often permits the subject to experience vivid, ethereal out-of-body experiences.
Strong g-forces that causes blood to drain from parts of the brain, as experienced for example in high-performance aircraft or high-G training for pilots and astronauts.
An apparatus that uses a head-mounted display and a touch that confuses the sense of proprioception (and which can also create the sensation of additional limbs).
Theories of OBEs
Psychological
In the fields of cognitive science and psychology OBEs are considered dissociative experiences arising from different psychological and neurological factors.Scientists consider the OBE to be an experience from a mental state, like a dream or an altered state of consciousness without recourse to the paranormal.
Charles Richet (1887) held that OBEs are created by the subject's memory and imagination processes and are no different from dreams.James H. Hyslop (1912) wrote that OBEs occur when the activity of the subconscious mind dramatizes certain images to give the impression the subject is in a different physical location. Eugéne Osty (1930) considered OBEs to be nothing more than the product of imagination.Other early researchers (such as Schmeing, 1938) supported psychophysiological theories.[46] G. N. M. Tyrrell interpreted OBEs as hallucinatory constructs relating to subconscious levels of personality.
Donovan Rawcliffe (1959) connected the OBE experience with psychosis and hysteria. Other researchers have discussed the phenomena of the OBE in terms of a distortion of the body image (Horowitz, 1970) and depersonalization (Whitlock, 1978). The psychologists Nandor Fodor (1959) and Jan Ehrenwald (1974) proposed that an OBE is a defense mechanism designed to deal with the threat of death.[51][52] According to (Irin and Watt, 2007) Jan Ehrenwald had described the out-of-body experience (OBE) "as an imaginal confirmation of the question for immortality, a delusory attempt to assure ourselves that we possess a soul that exists independently of the physical body. The psychologists Donald Hebb (1960) and Cyril Burt (1968) wrote on the psychological interpretation of the OBE involving body image and visual imagery. Graham Reed (1974) suggested that the OBE is a stress reaction to a painful situation, such as the loss of love.John Palmer (1978) wrote that the OBE is a response to a body image change causing a threat to personal identity.
Carl Sagan (1977) and Barbara Honegger (1983) wrote that the OBE experience may be based on a rebirth fantasy or reliving of the birth process based on reports of tunnel-like passageways and a cord-like connection by some OBErs which they compared to an umbilical cord.Susan Blackmore (1978) came to the conclusion that the OBE is a hallucinatory fantasy as it has the characteristics of imaginary perceptions, perceptual distortions and fantasy-like perceptions of the self (such as having no body).[60][61] Ronald Siegel (1980) also wrote that OBEs are hallucinatory fantasies.
Harvey Irwin (1985) presented a theory of the OBE involving attentional cognitive processes and somatic sensory activity. His theory involved a cognitive personality construct known as psychological absorption and gave instances of the classification of an OBE as examples of autoscopy, depersonalization and mental dissociation.[38] The psychophysiologist Stephen Laberge (1985) has written that the explanation for OBEs can be found in lucid dreaming. David Hufford (1989) linked the OBE experience with a phenomenon he described as a nightmare waking experience, a type of sleep paralysis.[64] Other scientists have also linked OBEs to cases of hypnagogia and sleep paralysis (cataplexy).
In case studies fantasy proneness has been shown to be higher among OBErs than those who have not had an OBE.[67] The data has shown a link between the OBE experience in some cases to fantasy prone personality (FPP).[68] In a case study involving 167 participants the findings revealed that those who claimed to have experienced the OBE were "more fantasy prone, higher in their belief in the paranormal and displayed greater somatoform dissociation."[69] Research from studies has also suggested that OBEs are related to cognitive-perceptual schizotypy.
Terence Hines (2003) has written that spontaneous out-of-body experiences can be generated by artificial stimulation of the brain and this strongly suggests that the OBE experience is caused from "temporary, minor brain malfunctions, not by the person's spirit (or whatever) actually leaving the body."In a study review of neurological and neurocognitive data (Bünning and Blanke, 2005) wrote that OBEs are due to "functional disintegration of lower-level multisensory processing and abnormal higher-level self-processing at the temporoparietal junction. Some scientists suspect that OBEs are the result of a mismatch between visual and tactile signals.
Richard Wiseman (2011) has noted that OBE research has focused on finding a psychological explanation and "out-of-body experiences are not paranormal and do not provide evidence for the soul. Instead, they reveal something far more remarkable about the everyday workings of your brain and body."[75] A study conducted by Jason Braithwaite and colleagues (2011) linked the OBE to "neural instabilities in the brain's temporal lobes and to errors in the body's sense of itself". Braithwaite et al. (2013) reported that the "current and dominant view is that the OBE occurs due to a temporary disruption in multi-sensory integration processes."
Paranormal
Writers within the fields of parapsychology and occultism have written that OBEs are not psychological and that a soul, spirit or subtle body can detach itself out of the body and visit distant locations. Out-of-the-body experiences were known during the Victorian period in spiritualist literature as "travelling clairvoyance". The psychical researcher Frederic Myers referred to the OBE as a "psychical excursion".[79] An early study which described alleged cases of OBEs was the two volume Phantasms of the Living, published in 1886 by the psychical researchers Edmund Gurney, Myers and Frank Podmore. The book was largely criticized by the scientific community as the anecdotal reports lacked evidential substantiation in nearly every case.
A 19th-century illustration of Robert Blair's poem The Grave, depicting the soul leaving the body
The Theosophist Arthur Powell (1927) was an early author to advocate the subtle body theory of OBEs. Sylvan Muldoon (1936) embraced the concept of an etheric body to explain the OBE experience. The psychical researcher Ernesto Bozzano (1938) had also supported a similar view describing the phenomena of the OBE experience in terms of bilocation in which an "etheric body" can release itself from the physical body in rare circumstances. The subtle body theory was also supported by occult writers such as Ralph Shirley (1938), Benjamin Walker (1977) and Douglas Baker (1979).[85] James Baker (1954) wrote that a mental body enters an "intercosmic region" during the OBE.[86] Marilynn Hughes states that the experiences are the projection of the spiritual body from the physical for the purpose of the soul's purification.[87] Robert Crookall in many publications supported the subtle body theory of OBEs.
The paranormal interpretation of OBEs has not been supported by all researchers within the study of parapsychology. Gardner Murphy (1961) wrote that OBEs are "not very far from the known terrain of general psychology, which we are beginning to understand more and more without recourse to the paranormal".
In the 1970s, Karlis Osis conducted many OBE experiments with the psychic Alex Tanous. For a series of these experiments he was asked whilst in an OBE state to try to identify coloured targets that were placed in remote locations. Osis reported that in 197 trials there were 114 hits. However, the controls to the experiments have been criticized and according to Susan Blackmore, the final result was not particularly significant as 108 hits would be expected by chance. Blackmore noted that the results provide "no evidence for accurate perception in the OBE".
In April 1977, a patient from Harborview Medical Center known as Maria claimed to have experienced an out-of-body experience. During her OBE she claimed to have floated outside her body and outside of the hospital. Maria would later tell her social worker Kimberly Clark that during the OBE she had observed a tennis shoe on the third floor window ledge to the north side of the building. Clark would go to the north wing of the building and by looking out of the window could see a tennis shoe on one of the ledges. Clark published the account in 1985. The story has since been used in many paranormal books as evidence a spirit can leave the body.
In 1996, Hayden Ebbern, Sean Mulligan and Barry Beyerstein visited the Medical Center to investigate the story. They placed a tennis shoe on the same ledge and discovered that the shoe was visible from within the building and could have easily been observed by a patient lying in bed. They also discovered the shoe was easily observable from outside the building and suggested that Maria may have overheard a comment about it during her three days in the hospital and incorporated it into her OBE. They concluded "Maria's story merely reveals the naiveté and the power of wishful thinking" from OBE researchers seeking a paranormal explanation.[93] Clark did not publish the description of the case until seven years after it happened, casting doubt on the story. Richard Wiseman has said that although the story is not evidence for anything paranormal it has been "endlessly repeated by writers who either couldn't be bothered to check the facts, or were unwilling to present their readers with the more skeptical side of the story."
Oneness and One
In 2017, Prince Paul Mamakos summarized the three stages of out of body experience.[94] The first stage being achieving an out-of-body experience and experiencing movement within the environment near the physical body. The second stage being going out and exploring outside ones house, going off planet, going into the planet and meeting other beings. In the third stage of OBEs, a person begins to notice the energy within another being as the same as that which is coming out of their own being. The energy essence of another, is the same as your energy. In the culmination of the third stage, a person experiences a sense of connection with all beings. On a linear range of awareness, if we place personality at a proximal point on a line, a point on the distal end of the line will represent an experience of oneness. Personality and oneness representing opposite extremes of awareness. Further dropping oneness results in the 'it' experience. One.
Studies of OBEs
Early collections of OBE cases had been made by Ernesto Bozzano (Italy) and Robert Crookall (UK). Crookall approached the subject from a spiritualistic position, and collected his cases predominantly from spiritualist newspapers such as the Psychic News, which appears to have biased his results in various ways. For example, the majority of his subjects reported seeing a cord connecting the physical body and its observing counterpart; whereas Green found that less than 4% of her subjects noticed anything of this sort, and some 80% reported feeling they were a "disembodied consciousness", with no external body at all.
The first extensive scientific study of OBEs was made by Celia Green (1968).She collected written, first-hand accounts from a total of 400 subjects, recruited by means of appeals in the mainstream media, and followed up by questionnaires. Her purpose was to provide a taxonomy of the different types of OBE, viewed simply as an anomalous perceptual experience or hallucination, while leaving open the question of whether some of the cases might incorporate information derived by extrasensory perception.
International Academy of Consciousness - Global Survey
In 1999, at the 1st International Forum of Consciousness Research in Barcelona, International Academy of Consciousness research-practitioners Wagner Alegretti and Nanci Trivellato presented preliminary findings of an online survey on the out-of-body experience answered by internet users interested in the subject; therefore, not a sample representative of the general population.
1,007 (85%) of the first 1,185 respondents reported having had an OBE. 37% claimed to have had between two and ten OBEs. 5.5% claimed more than 100 such experiences. 45% of those who reported an OBE said they successfully induced at least one OBE by using a specific technique. 62% of participants claiming to have had an OBE also reported having enjoyed nonphysical flight; 40% reported experiencing the phenomenon of self-bilocation (i.e. seeing one's own physical body whilst outside the body); and 38% claimed having experienced self-permeability (passing through physical objects such as walls). The most commonly reported sensations experienced in connection with the OBE were falling, floating, repercussions e.g. myoclonia (the jerking of limbs, jerking awake), sinking, torpidity (numbness), intracranial sounds, tingling, clairvoyance, oscillation and serenity.
Another reported common sensation related to OBE was temporary or projective catalepsy, a more common feature of sleep paralysis. The sleep paralysis and OBE correlation was later corroborated by the Out-of-Body Experience and Arousal study published in Neurology by Kevin Nelson and his colleagues from the University of Kentucky in 2007. The study discovered that people who have out-of-body experiences are more likely to suffer from sleep paralysis.
Also noteworthy, is the Waterloo Unusual Sleep Experiences Questionnaire that further illustrates the correlation.
Miss Z study
In 1968, Charles Tart conducted an OBE experiment with a subject known as Miss Z for four nights in his sleep laboratory. The subject was attached to an EEG machine and a five-digit code was placed on a shelf above her bed. She did not claim to see the number on the first three nights but on fourth gave the number correctly.The psychologist James Alcock criticized the experiment for inadequate controls and questioned why the subject was not visually monitored by a video camera.Martin Gardner has written the experiment was not evidence for an OBE and suggested that whilst Tart was "snoring behind the window, Miss Z simply stood up in bed, without detaching the electrodes, and peeked." Susan Blackmore wrote "If Miss Z had tried to climb up, the brain-wave record would have showed a pattern of interference. And that was exactly what it did show."
Neurology and OBE-like experiences
There are several possible physiological explanations for parts of the OBE. OBE-like experiences have been induced by stimulation of the brain. OBE-like experience has also been induced through stimulation of the posterior part of the right superior temporal gyrus in a patient.[106] Positron-emission tomography was also used in this study to identify brain regions affected by this stimulation. The term OBE-like is used above because the experiences described in these experiments either lacked some of the clarity or details of normal OBEs, or were described by subjects who had never experienced an OBE before. Such subjects were therefore not qualified to make claims about the authenticity of the experimentally-induced OBE.
British psychologist Susan Blackmore and others suggest that an OBE begins when a person loses contact with sensory input from the body while remaining conscious. The person retains the illusion of having a body, but that perception is no longer derived from the senses. The perceived world may resemble the world he or she generally inhabits while awake, but this perception does not come from the senses either. The vivid body and world is made by our brain's ability to create fully convincing realms, even in the absence of sensory information. This process is witnessed by each of us every night in our dreams, though OBEs are claimed to be far more vivid than even a lucid dream.
Irwin pointed out that OBEs appear to occur under conditions of either very high or very low arousal. For example, Green[109] found that three quarters of a group of 176 subjects reporting a single OBE were lying down at the time of the experience, and of these 12% considered they had been asleep when it started. By contrast, a substantial minority of her cases occurred under conditions of maximum arousal, such as a rock-climbing fall, a traffic accident, or childbirth. McCreery has suggested that this paradox may be explained by reference to the fact that sleep can supervene as a reaction to extreme stress or hyper-arousal. He proposes that OBEs under both conditions, relaxation and hyper-arousal, represent a form of "waking dream", or the intrusion of Stage 1 sleep processes into waking consciousness.
Olaf Blanke studies
Research by Olaf Blanke in Switzerland found that it is possible to reliably elicit experiences somewhat similar to the OBE by stimulating regions of the brain called the right temporal-parietal junction (TPJ; a region where the temporal lobe and parietal lobe of the brain come together). Blanke and his collaborators in Switzerland have explored the neural basis of OBEs by showing that they are reliably associated with lesions in the right TPJ region and that they can be reliably elicited with electrical stimulation of this region in a patient with epilepsy.[114] These elicited experiences may include perceptions of transformations of the patient's arms and legs (complex somatosensory responses) and whole-body displacements (vestibular responses).
In neurologically normal subjects, Blanke and colleagues then showed that the conscious experience of the self and body being in the same location depends on multisensory integration in the TPJ. Using event-related potentials, Blanke and colleagues showed the selective activation of the TPJ 330–400 ms after stimulus onset when healthy volunteers imagined themselves in the position and visual perspective that generally are reported by people experiencing spontaneous OBEs. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the same subjects impaired mental transformation of the participant's own body. No such effects were found with stimulation of another site or for imagined spatial transformations of external objects, suggesting the selective implication of the TPJ in mental imagery of one's own body.
In a follow up study, Arzy et al. showed that the location and timing of brain activation depended on whether mental imagery is performed with mentally embodied or disembodied self location. When subjects performed mental imagery with an embodied location, there was increased activation of a region called the "extrastriate body area" (EBA), but when subjects performed mental imagery with a disembodied location, as reported in OBEs, there was increased activation in the region of the TPJ. This leads Arzy et al. to argue that "these data show that distributed brain activity at the EBA and TPJ as well as their timing are crucial for the coding of the self as embodied and as spatially situated within the human body."
Blanke and colleagues thus propose that the right temporal-parietal junction is important for the sense of spatial location of the self, and that when these normal processes go awry, an OBE arises.
In August 2007 Blanke's lab published research in Science demonstrating that conflicting visual-somatosensory input in virtual reality could disrupt the spatial unity between the self and the body. During multisensory conflict, participants felt as if a virtual body seen in front of them was their own body and mislocalized themselves toward the virtual body, to a position outside their bodily borders. This indicates that spatial unity and bodily self-consciousness can be studied experimentally and is based on multisensory and cognitive processing of bodily information.
Ehrsson study
In August 2007, Henrik Ehrsson, then at the Institute of Neurology at University College of London (now at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden), published research in Science demonstrating the first experimental method that, according to the scientist's claims in the publication, induced an out-of-body experience in healthy participants. The experiment was conducted in the following way:
The study participant sits in a chair wearing a pair of head-mounted video displays. These have two small screens over each eye, which show a live film recorded by two video cameras placed beside each other two metres behind the participant's head. The image from the left video camera is presented on the left-eye display and the image from the right camera on the right-eye display. The participant sees these as one "stereoscopic" (3D) image, so they see their own back displayed from the perspective of someone sitting behind them.
The researcher then stands just beside the participant (in their view) and uses two plastic rods to simultaneously touch the participant's actual chest out-of-view and the chest of the illusory body, moving this second rod towards where the illusory chest would be located, just below the camera's view.
The participants confirmed that they had experienced sitting behind their physical body and looking at it from that location.
Both critics and the experimenter himself note that the study fell short of replicating "full-blown" OBEs. As with previous experiments which induced sensations of floating outside of the body, Ehrsson's work does not explain how a brain malfunction might cause an OBE. Essentially, Ehrsson created an illusion that fits a definition of an OBE in which "a person who is awake sees his or her body from a location outside the physical body."
Awareness during Resuscitation Study
In 2001, Sam Parnia and colleagues investigated out of body claims by placing figures on suspended boards facing the ceiling, not visible from the floor. Parnia wrote "anybody who claimed to have left their body and be near the ceiling during resuscitation attempts would be expected to identify those targets. If, however, such perceptions are psychological, then one would obviously not expect the targets to be identified." The philosopher Keith Augustine, who examined Parnia's study, has written that all target identification experiments have produced negative results. Psychologist Chris French wrote regarding the study "unfortunately, and somewhat atypically, none of the survivors in this sample experienced an OBE."
In the autumn of 2008, 25 UK and US hospitals began participation in a study, coordinated by Sam Parnia and Southampton University known as the AWARE study (AWAreness during REsuscitation). Following on from the work of Pim van Lommel in the Netherlands, the study aims to examine near-death experiences in 1,500 cardiac arrest survivors and so determine whether people without a heartbeat or brain activity can have documentable out-of-body experiences. As part of the study Parnia and colleagues have investigated out of body claims by using hidden targets placed on shelves that could only be seen from above.Parnia has written "if no one sees the pictures, it shows these experiences are illusions or false memories".
In 2014 Parnia issued a statement indicating that the first phase of the project has been completed and the results are undergoing peer review for publication in a medical journal. No subjects saw the images mounted out of sight according to Parnia's early report of the results of the study at an American Heart Association meeting in November 2013. Only two out of the 152 patients reported any visual experiences, and one of them described events that could be verified. The two NDEs occurred in an area were "no visual targets had been placed".
On October 6, 2014, the results of the study were published in the journal Resuscitation. Among those who reported a perception of awareness and completed further interviews, 46 per cent experienced a broad range of mental recollections in relation to death that were not compatible with the commonly used term of NDEs. These included fearful and persecutory experiences. Only 9 per cent had experiences compatible with NDEs and 2 per cent exhibited full awareness compatible with OBEs with explicit recall of 'seeing' and 'hearing' events. One case was validated and timed using auditory stimuli during cardiac arrest. According to Caroline Watt "The one 'verifiable period of conscious awareness' that Parnia was able to report did not relate to this objective test. Rather, it was a patient giving a supposedly accurate report of events during his resuscitation. He didn't identify the pictures, he described the defibrillator machine noise. But that's not very impressive since many people know what goes on in an emergency room setting from seeing recreations on television."
AWARE Study II
As of May 2016, a posting at the UK Clinical Trials Gateway website describes plans for AWARE II, a two-year multicenter observational study of 900-1500 patients experiencing cardiac arrest, with subjects being recruited as August 1, 2014 and a trial end date of May 31, 2017.
Smith & Messier
A recent functional imaging study reported the case of a woman who could experience out of body experience at will. She reported developing the ability as a child and associated it with difficulties in falling sleep. Her OBEs continued into adulthood but became less frequent. She was able to see herself rotating in the air above her body, lying flat, and rolling in the horizontal plane. She reported sometimes watching herself move from above but remained aware of her unmoving "real" body. The participant reported no particular emotions linked to the experience. "[T]he brain functional changes associated with the reported extra-corporeal experience (ECE) were different than those observed in motor imagery. Activations were mainly left-sided and involved the left supplementary motor area and supramarginal and posterior superior temporal gyri, the last two overlapping with the temporal parietal junction that has been associated with out-of-body experiences. The cerebellum also showed activation that is consistent with the participant's report of the impression of movement during the ECE. There was also left middle and superior orbital frontal gyri activity, regions often associated with action monitoring."
OBE training and research facilities[edit]
The International Academy of Consciousness (IAC) is a global organisation, with training centers in California, New York, London, Lisbon, Madrid, Sao Paolo, Rio de Janeiro, several other cities around the world and a research campus in Portugal. The research campus features specialised laboratories, including a spherical lab dedicated exclusively for the practice and research of out-of-body experiences.The IAC offers courses online and in person, including their signature course the Consciousness Development Programme (a comprehensive 40-hour course covering OBE techniques, with practical classes, as well as many other para-psychic themes related to the practice).
The Monroe Institute's Nancy Penn Center is a facility specializing in or out-of-body experience induction. The Center for Higher Studies of the Consciousness in Brazil is another large OBE training facility. Olaf Blanke's Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience has become a well-known laboratory for OBE research.
Astral projection
Main article: Astral projection
Astral projection is a paranormal interpretation of out-of-body experiences that assumes the existence of one or more non-physical planes of existence and an associated body beyond the physical. Commonly such planes are called astral, etheric, or spiritual. Astral projection is often experienced as the spirit or astral body leaving the physical body to travel in the spirit world or astral plane.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out-of-body_experience
An out-of-body experience (OBE or sometimes OOBE) is an experience in which a person seems to perceive the world from a location outside their physical body. An OBE is a form of autoscopy (literally "seeing self"), although the term autoscopy more commonly refers to the pathological condition of seeing a second self, or doppelgänger.Do you want to float around the astral plane without dying first? Are you longing to leave your body at home for a few hours to explore the cosmos? People report out-of-body experiences (OBEs) while dreaming, during near-death experiences, or through relaxation techniques such as meditation. For some people, having an OBE can be like being Alice in your very own Wonderland. Read on to learn how to experience this on purpose.Ready your mind and body. Choose a quiet place you find relaxing. You can be indoors or outdoors, as long as you are comfortable. Make sure you won't be interrupted. OBEs are most common in the morning at 4:00am-6:00am, however trying this at night or when you are tired will probably just make you fall asleep.
Find a comfortable position, either sitting or lying down. Many people choose to lie down on their backs, but be forewarned that temporary sleep paralysis is more likely in this position if you do fall asleep. These may consist of dark figures, ghosts or whatever you fear entering your room. Though this may sound scary, the more you realise they cannot physically harm you for they are your mind's creation, the less scary it is to endure.
Affirm to yourself that you are going to have an out-of-body experience. Say to yourself "Mind awake-Body Asleep" or "I will have a lucid dream." Repeat this several times until it is the only thought left in your mind. Close your eyes and relax. Become less conscious of your external surroundings. Empty your mind of thoughts and ideas. Meditation techniques can be helpful here to maintain an empty mind while still remaining focused and aware. Allow yourself to almost fall asleep. Actually sleeping would defeat the purpose. Instead, let yourself drift close to sleep while concentrating on being conscious of your sensations and mental state. Feel a vibrating sensation in your body. As you relax further, you should become more aware of what's happening inside your mind and body than anything happening in the room around you. Try to feel the vibration of your body, coming from both the larger pulse of your blood and breath to the individual movements of your cells. You may think you hear sounds like a tornado/wind. The urge to move here will be tremendous, especially if it's your first time. Just relax deeper and deeper until the sounds passes, but avoid falling asleep.
Try to slow the vibration. Visualize the movements of your body slowing and the sounds and sensations of vibrations getting fainter. Soon everything will be completely silent and your body will be still. Let your body become paralyzed. Some say it feels like a lead blanket has been placed over you. You may notice all of a sudden that you can't move your arms or legs. Don't panic! If you try to force yourself to move you may wake up. You will, however, be able to move your eyes, mouth, nose, and face, so try moving those slightly instead. Feel your hands grasping an invisible rope. Don't move your actual hands or visualize the rope. The "rope method" relies on the imaginary feeling of the rope, not a mental image. Focus on the texture, thickness and heftiness of the rope. Feel the tension in your arms between the strength of the rope and the pull of your weight. If you have trouble using the rope technique, try imagining a ladder instead. Some people find this easier, especially if they are more accustomed to climbing ladders than ropes.
Use the rope to pull yourself up and start climbing. Feel your muscles contract and your body move upward when you pull. Don't visualize: imagine you are doing this in pure darkness. Keep going up. Soon you will find yourself out of your body, triggering the "projection reflex."
If you experience vibrations in your body as you climb, try to relax more, or else you will only lose more energy and it will become harder.
If you have trouble, try climbing up as you inhale and then resting as you exhale.
The rope method is a more practical variation on the more iconic technique of visualizing yourself floating up. Though floating out of one's body all at once makes for a better image in the movies, it's not as effective in real life.
Open your astral eyes. Once you know you are out of your body, open your eyes. You should be viewing your room from the side of your bed, with your body still lying there still with eyes closed.
If you want, try to open your third eye first, low on the center of your forehead.
Visualize every detail of the space around you. Make sure you get a good look at your surroundings before you lie down. Now try to recall and feel the location and shape of every object in the room, as it looks from where you are resting.
Visualize the space around you as seen from a different point in the room. Once you have the image of the room clear in your mind's eye, shift that perspective to try to see that image as though you were standing over or near your body. In some ways you should already feel like you have left your body.
Rise from your body to the spot you were visualizing from. Stay very relaxed, but be forceful in your will to gently bring yourself to that point. Feel yourself moving up and over to that space, and visualize your perspective changing. Then open your astral eyes.
www.wikihow.com/Have-an-Out-of-Body-Experience
The term out-of-body experience was introduced in 1943 by G. N. M. Tyrrell in his book Apparitions, and was adopted by researchers such as Celia Green and Robert Monroe[3] as an alternative to belief-centric labels such as "astral projection", "soul travel", or "spirit walking". OBEs can be induced by brain traumas, sensory deprivation, near-death experiences, dissociative and psychedelic drugs, dehydration, sleep, and electrical stimulation of the brain, among others. It can also be deliberately induced by some. One in ten people have an OBE once, or more commonly, several times in their life.
Neuroscientists and psychologists regard OBEs as dissociative experiences arising from different psychological and neurological factors.
Those experiencing OBEs sometimes report (among other types of immediate and spontaneous experience) a preceding and initiating lucid-dream state. In many cases, people who claim to have had an OBE report being on the verge of sleep, or being already asleep shortly before the experience. A large percentage of these cases refer to situations where the sleep was not particularly deep (due to illness, noises in other rooms, emotional stress, exhaustion from overworking, frequent re-awakening, etc.). In most of these cases subjects perceive themselves as being awake; about half of them note a feeling of sleep paralysis.
Near-death experiences
Main article: Near-death experience
Another form of spontaneous OBE is the near-death experience (NDE). Some subjects report having had an OBE at times of severe physical trauma such as near-drownings or major surgery. Near-death experiences may include subjective impressions of being outside the physical body, sometimes visions of deceased relatives and religious figures, and transcendence of ego and spatiotemporal boundaries.Typically the experience includes such factors as: a sense of being dead; a feeling of peace and painlessness; hearing of various non-physical sounds, an out-of-body experience; a tunnel experience (the sense of moving up or through a narrow passageway); encountering "beings of light" and a God-like figure or similar entities; being given a "life review", and a reluctance to return to life.
Resulting from extreme physical effort
Along the same lines as an NDE, extreme physical effort during activities such as high-altitude climbing and marathon running can induce OBEs. A sense of bilocation may be experienced, with both ground and air-based perspectives being experienced simultaneously.
Induced
Chemical
OBEs can be induced by hallucinogens (particularly dissociatives) such as psilocybin, ketamine, DMT, MDA, and LSD.
Mental induction
Falling asleep physically without losing awareness. The "Mind Awake, Body Asleep" state is widely suggested as a cause of OBEs, voluntary and otherwise. Thomas Edison used this state to tackle problems while working on his inventions. He would rest a silver dollar on his head while sitting with a metal bucket in a chair. As he drifted off, the coin would noisily fall into the bucket, restoring some of his alertness. OBE pioneer Sylvan Muldoon more simply used a forearm held perpendicular in bed as the falling object. Salvador Dalí was said to use a similar "paranoiac-critical" method to gain odd visions which inspired his paintings. Deliberately teetering between awake and asleep states is known to cause spontaneous trance episodes at the onset of sleep which are ultimately helpful when attempting to induce an OBE. By moving deeper and deeper into relaxation, one eventually encounters a "slipping" feeling if the mind is still alert. This slipping is reported to feel like leaving the physical body. Some consider progressive relaxation a passive form of sensory deprivation.
Deep trance, meditation and visualization. The types of visualizations vary; some common analogies include climbing a rope to "pull out" of one's body, floating out of one's body, getting shot out of a cannon, and other similar approaches. This technique is considered hard to use for people who cannot properly relax. One example of such a technique is the popular Golden Dawn "Body of Light" Technique.
Mechanical induction
Brainwave synchronization via audio/visual stimulation. Binaural beats can be used to induce specific brainwave frequencies,[30] notably those predominant in various mind awake/body asleep states. Binaural induction of a "body asleep" 4 Hertz brainwave frequency was observed as effective by the Monroe Institute, and some authors consider binaural beats to be significantly supportive of OBE initiation when used in conjunction with other techniques. Simultaneous introduction of "mind awake" beta frequencies (detectable in the brains of normal, relaxed awakened individuals) was also observed as constructive. Another popular technology uses sinusoidal wave pulses to achieve similar results, and the drumming accompanying Native American religious ceremonies is also believed to have heightened receptivity to "other worlds" through brainwave entrainment mechanisms.
Magnetic stimulation of the brain, as with the God helmet developed by Michael Persinger.
Direct stimulation of the vestibular cortex.
Electrical stimulation of the brain, particularly the temporoparietal junction (see Blanke study below).
Sensory deprivation. This approach aims to induce intense disorientation by removal of space and time references. Flotation tanks or pink noise played through headphones are often employed for this purpose.
Sensory overload, the opposite of sensory deprivation. The subject can for instance be rocked for a long time in a specially designed cradle, or submitted to light forms of torture, to cause the brain to shut itself off from all sensory input. Both conditions tend to cause confusion and this disorientation often permits the subject to experience vivid, ethereal out-of-body experiences.
Strong g-forces that causes blood to drain from parts of the brain, as experienced for example in high-performance aircraft or high-G training for pilots and astronauts.
An apparatus that uses a head-mounted display and a touch that confuses the sense of proprioception (and which can also create the sensation of additional limbs).
Theories of OBEs
Psychological
In the fields of cognitive science and psychology OBEs are considered dissociative experiences arising from different psychological and neurological factors.Scientists consider the OBE to be an experience from a mental state, like a dream or an altered state of consciousness without recourse to the paranormal.
Charles Richet (1887) held that OBEs are created by the subject's memory and imagination processes and are no different from dreams.James H. Hyslop (1912) wrote that OBEs occur when the activity of the subconscious mind dramatizes certain images to give the impression the subject is in a different physical location. Eugéne Osty (1930) considered OBEs to be nothing more than the product of imagination.Other early researchers (such as Schmeing, 1938) supported psychophysiological theories.[46] G. N. M. Tyrrell interpreted OBEs as hallucinatory constructs relating to subconscious levels of personality.
Donovan Rawcliffe (1959) connected the OBE experience with psychosis and hysteria. Other researchers have discussed the phenomena of the OBE in terms of a distortion of the body image (Horowitz, 1970) and depersonalization (Whitlock, 1978). The psychologists Nandor Fodor (1959) and Jan Ehrenwald (1974) proposed that an OBE is a defense mechanism designed to deal with the threat of death.[51][52] According to (Irin and Watt, 2007) Jan Ehrenwald had described the out-of-body experience (OBE) "as an imaginal confirmation of the question for immortality, a delusory attempt to assure ourselves that we possess a soul that exists independently of the physical body. The psychologists Donald Hebb (1960) and Cyril Burt (1968) wrote on the psychological interpretation of the OBE involving body image and visual imagery. Graham Reed (1974) suggested that the OBE is a stress reaction to a painful situation, such as the loss of love.John Palmer (1978) wrote that the OBE is a response to a body image change causing a threat to personal identity.
Carl Sagan (1977) and Barbara Honegger (1983) wrote that the OBE experience may be based on a rebirth fantasy or reliving of the birth process based on reports of tunnel-like passageways and a cord-like connection by some OBErs which they compared to an umbilical cord.Susan Blackmore (1978) came to the conclusion that the OBE is a hallucinatory fantasy as it has the characteristics of imaginary perceptions, perceptual distortions and fantasy-like perceptions of the self (such as having no body).[60][61] Ronald Siegel (1980) also wrote that OBEs are hallucinatory fantasies.
Harvey Irwin (1985) presented a theory of the OBE involving attentional cognitive processes and somatic sensory activity. His theory involved a cognitive personality construct known as psychological absorption and gave instances of the classification of an OBE as examples of autoscopy, depersonalization and mental dissociation.[38] The psychophysiologist Stephen Laberge (1985) has written that the explanation for OBEs can be found in lucid dreaming. David Hufford (1989) linked the OBE experience with a phenomenon he described as a nightmare waking experience, a type of sleep paralysis.[64] Other scientists have also linked OBEs to cases of hypnagogia and sleep paralysis (cataplexy).
In case studies fantasy proneness has been shown to be higher among OBErs than those who have not had an OBE.[67] The data has shown a link between the OBE experience in some cases to fantasy prone personality (FPP).[68] In a case study involving 167 participants the findings revealed that those who claimed to have experienced the OBE were "more fantasy prone, higher in their belief in the paranormal and displayed greater somatoform dissociation."[69] Research from studies has also suggested that OBEs are related to cognitive-perceptual schizotypy.
Terence Hines (2003) has written that spontaneous out-of-body experiences can be generated by artificial stimulation of the brain and this strongly suggests that the OBE experience is caused from "temporary, minor brain malfunctions, not by the person's spirit (or whatever) actually leaving the body."In a study review of neurological and neurocognitive data (Bünning and Blanke, 2005) wrote that OBEs are due to "functional disintegration of lower-level multisensory processing and abnormal higher-level self-processing at the temporoparietal junction. Some scientists suspect that OBEs are the result of a mismatch between visual and tactile signals.
Richard Wiseman (2011) has noted that OBE research has focused on finding a psychological explanation and "out-of-body experiences are not paranormal and do not provide evidence for the soul. Instead, they reveal something far more remarkable about the everyday workings of your brain and body."[75] A study conducted by Jason Braithwaite and colleagues (2011) linked the OBE to "neural instabilities in the brain's temporal lobes and to errors in the body's sense of itself". Braithwaite et al. (2013) reported that the "current and dominant view is that the OBE occurs due to a temporary disruption in multi-sensory integration processes."
Paranormal
Writers within the fields of parapsychology and occultism have written that OBEs are not psychological and that a soul, spirit or subtle body can detach itself out of the body and visit distant locations. Out-of-the-body experiences were known during the Victorian period in spiritualist literature as "travelling clairvoyance". The psychical researcher Frederic Myers referred to the OBE as a "psychical excursion".[79] An early study which described alleged cases of OBEs was the two volume Phantasms of the Living, published in 1886 by the psychical researchers Edmund Gurney, Myers and Frank Podmore. The book was largely criticized by the scientific community as the anecdotal reports lacked evidential substantiation in nearly every case.
A 19th-century illustration of Robert Blair's poem The Grave, depicting the soul leaving the body
The Theosophist Arthur Powell (1927) was an early author to advocate the subtle body theory of OBEs. Sylvan Muldoon (1936) embraced the concept of an etheric body to explain the OBE experience. The psychical researcher Ernesto Bozzano (1938) had also supported a similar view describing the phenomena of the OBE experience in terms of bilocation in which an "etheric body" can release itself from the physical body in rare circumstances. The subtle body theory was also supported by occult writers such as Ralph Shirley (1938), Benjamin Walker (1977) and Douglas Baker (1979).[85] James Baker (1954) wrote that a mental body enters an "intercosmic region" during the OBE.[86] Marilynn Hughes states that the experiences are the projection of the spiritual body from the physical for the purpose of the soul's purification.[87] Robert Crookall in many publications supported the subtle body theory of OBEs.
The paranormal interpretation of OBEs has not been supported by all researchers within the study of parapsychology. Gardner Murphy (1961) wrote that OBEs are "not very far from the known terrain of general psychology, which we are beginning to understand more and more without recourse to the paranormal".
In the 1970s, Karlis Osis conducted many OBE experiments with the psychic Alex Tanous. For a series of these experiments he was asked whilst in an OBE state to try to identify coloured targets that were placed in remote locations. Osis reported that in 197 trials there were 114 hits. However, the controls to the experiments have been criticized and according to Susan Blackmore, the final result was not particularly significant as 108 hits would be expected by chance. Blackmore noted that the results provide "no evidence for accurate perception in the OBE".
In April 1977, a patient from Harborview Medical Center known as Maria claimed to have experienced an out-of-body experience. During her OBE she claimed to have floated outside her body and outside of the hospital. Maria would later tell her social worker Kimberly Clark that during the OBE she had observed a tennis shoe on the third floor window ledge to the north side of the building. Clark would go to the north wing of the building and by looking out of the window could see a tennis shoe on one of the ledges. Clark published the account in 1985. The story has since been used in many paranormal books as evidence a spirit can leave the body.
In 1996, Hayden Ebbern, Sean Mulligan and Barry Beyerstein visited the Medical Center to investigate the story. They placed a tennis shoe on the same ledge and discovered that the shoe was visible from within the building and could have easily been observed by a patient lying in bed. They also discovered the shoe was easily observable from outside the building and suggested that Maria may have overheard a comment about it during her three days in the hospital and incorporated it into her OBE. They concluded "Maria's story merely reveals the naiveté and the power of wishful thinking" from OBE researchers seeking a paranormal explanation.[93] Clark did not publish the description of the case until seven years after it happened, casting doubt on the story. Richard Wiseman has said that although the story is not evidence for anything paranormal it has been "endlessly repeated by writers who either couldn't be bothered to check the facts, or were unwilling to present their readers with the more skeptical side of the story."
Oneness and One
In 2017, Prince Paul Mamakos summarized the three stages of out of body experience.[94] The first stage being achieving an out-of-body experience and experiencing movement within the environment near the physical body. The second stage being going out and exploring outside ones house, going off planet, going into the planet and meeting other beings. In the third stage of OBEs, a person begins to notice the energy within another being as the same as that which is coming out of their own being. The energy essence of another, is the same as your energy. In the culmination of the third stage, a person experiences a sense of connection with all beings. On a linear range of awareness, if we place personality at a proximal point on a line, a point on the distal end of the line will represent an experience of oneness. Personality and oneness representing opposite extremes of awareness. Further dropping oneness results in the 'it' experience. One.
Studies of OBEs
Early collections of OBE cases had been made by Ernesto Bozzano (Italy) and Robert Crookall (UK). Crookall approached the subject from a spiritualistic position, and collected his cases predominantly from spiritualist newspapers such as the Psychic News, which appears to have biased his results in various ways. For example, the majority of his subjects reported seeing a cord connecting the physical body and its observing counterpart; whereas Green found that less than 4% of her subjects noticed anything of this sort, and some 80% reported feeling they were a "disembodied consciousness", with no external body at all.
The first extensive scientific study of OBEs was made by Celia Green (1968).She collected written, first-hand accounts from a total of 400 subjects, recruited by means of appeals in the mainstream media, and followed up by questionnaires. Her purpose was to provide a taxonomy of the different types of OBE, viewed simply as an anomalous perceptual experience or hallucination, while leaving open the question of whether some of the cases might incorporate information derived by extrasensory perception.
International Academy of Consciousness - Global Survey
In 1999, at the 1st International Forum of Consciousness Research in Barcelona, International Academy of Consciousness research-practitioners Wagner Alegretti and Nanci Trivellato presented preliminary findings of an online survey on the out-of-body experience answered by internet users interested in the subject; therefore, not a sample representative of the general population.
1,007 (85%) of the first 1,185 respondents reported having had an OBE. 37% claimed to have had between two and ten OBEs. 5.5% claimed more than 100 such experiences. 45% of those who reported an OBE said they successfully induced at least one OBE by using a specific technique. 62% of participants claiming to have had an OBE also reported having enjoyed nonphysical flight; 40% reported experiencing the phenomenon of self-bilocation (i.e. seeing one's own physical body whilst outside the body); and 38% claimed having experienced self-permeability (passing through physical objects such as walls). The most commonly reported sensations experienced in connection with the OBE were falling, floating, repercussions e.g. myoclonia (the jerking of limbs, jerking awake), sinking, torpidity (numbness), intracranial sounds, tingling, clairvoyance, oscillation and serenity.
Another reported common sensation related to OBE was temporary or projective catalepsy, a more common feature of sleep paralysis. The sleep paralysis and OBE correlation was later corroborated by the Out-of-Body Experience and Arousal study published in Neurology by Kevin Nelson and his colleagues from the University of Kentucky in 2007. The study discovered that people who have out-of-body experiences are more likely to suffer from sleep paralysis.
Also noteworthy, is the Waterloo Unusual Sleep Experiences Questionnaire that further illustrates the correlation.
Miss Z study
In 1968, Charles Tart conducted an OBE experiment with a subject known as Miss Z for four nights in his sleep laboratory. The subject was attached to an EEG machine and a five-digit code was placed on a shelf above her bed. She did not claim to see the number on the first three nights but on fourth gave the number correctly.The psychologist James Alcock criticized the experiment for inadequate controls and questioned why the subject was not visually monitored by a video camera.Martin Gardner has written the experiment was not evidence for an OBE and suggested that whilst Tart was "snoring behind the window, Miss Z simply stood up in bed, without detaching the electrodes, and peeked." Susan Blackmore wrote "If Miss Z had tried to climb up, the brain-wave record would have showed a pattern of interference. And that was exactly what it did show."
Neurology and OBE-like experiences
There are several possible physiological explanations for parts of the OBE. OBE-like experiences have been induced by stimulation of the brain. OBE-like experience has also been induced through stimulation of the posterior part of the right superior temporal gyrus in a patient.[106] Positron-emission tomography was also used in this study to identify brain regions affected by this stimulation. The term OBE-like is used above because the experiences described in these experiments either lacked some of the clarity or details of normal OBEs, or were described by subjects who had never experienced an OBE before. Such subjects were therefore not qualified to make claims about the authenticity of the experimentally-induced OBE.
British psychologist Susan Blackmore and others suggest that an OBE begins when a person loses contact with sensory input from the body while remaining conscious. The person retains the illusion of having a body, but that perception is no longer derived from the senses. The perceived world may resemble the world he or she generally inhabits while awake, but this perception does not come from the senses either. The vivid body and world is made by our brain's ability to create fully convincing realms, even in the absence of sensory information. This process is witnessed by each of us every night in our dreams, though OBEs are claimed to be far more vivid than even a lucid dream.
Irwin pointed out that OBEs appear to occur under conditions of either very high or very low arousal. For example, Green[109] found that three quarters of a group of 176 subjects reporting a single OBE were lying down at the time of the experience, and of these 12% considered they had been asleep when it started. By contrast, a substantial minority of her cases occurred under conditions of maximum arousal, such as a rock-climbing fall, a traffic accident, or childbirth. McCreery has suggested that this paradox may be explained by reference to the fact that sleep can supervene as a reaction to extreme stress or hyper-arousal. He proposes that OBEs under both conditions, relaxation and hyper-arousal, represent a form of "waking dream", or the intrusion of Stage 1 sleep processes into waking consciousness.
Olaf Blanke studies
Research by Olaf Blanke in Switzerland found that it is possible to reliably elicit experiences somewhat similar to the OBE by stimulating regions of the brain called the right temporal-parietal junction (TPJ; a region where the temporal lobe and parietal lobe of the brain come together). Blanke and his collaborators in Switzerland have explored the neural basis of OBEs by showing that they are reliably associated with lesions in the right TPJ region and that they can be reliably elicited with electrical stimulation of this region in a patient with epilepsy.[114] These elicited experiences may include perceptions of transformations of the patient's arms and legs (complex somatosensory responses) and whole-body displacements (vestibular responses).
In neurologically normal subjects, Blanke and colleagues then showed that the conscious experience of the self and body being in the same location depends on multisensory integration in the TPJ. Using event-related potentials, Blanke and colleagues showed the selective activation of the TPJ 330–400 ms after stimulus onset when healthy volunteers imagined themselves in the position and visual perspective that generally are reported by people experiencing spontaneous OBEs. Transcranial magnetic stimulation in the same subjects impaired mental transformation of the participant's own body. No such effects were found with stimulation of another site or for imagined spatial transformations of external objects, suggesting the selective implication of the TPJ in mental imagery of one's own body.
In a follow up study, Arzy et al. showed that the location and timing of brain activation depended on whether mental imagery is performed with mentally embodied or disembodied self location. When subjects performed mental imagery with an embodied location, there was increased activation of a region called the "extrastriate body area" (EBA), but when subjects performed mental imagery with a disembodied location, as reported in OBEs, there was increased activation in the region of the TPJ. This leads Arzy et al. to argue that "these data show that distributed brain activity at the EBA and TPJ as well as their timing are crucial for the coding of the self as embodied and as spatially situated within the human body."
Blanke and colleagues thus propose that the right temporal-parietal junction is important for the sense of spatial location of the self, and that when these normal processes go awry, an OBE arises.
In August 2007 Blanke's lab published research in Science demonstrating that conflicting visual-somatosensory input in virtual reality could disrupt the spatial unity between the self and the body. During multisensory conflict, participants felt as if a virtual body seen in front of them was their own body and mislocalized themselves toward the virtual body, to a position outside their bodily borders. This indicates that spatial unity and bodily self-consciousness can be studied experimentally and is based on multisensory and cognitive processing of bodily information.
Ehrsson study
In August 2007, Henrik Ehrsson, then at the Institute of Neurology at University College of London (now at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden), published research in Science demonstrating the first experimental method that, according to the scientist's claims in the publication, induced an out-of-body experience in healthy participants. The experiment was conducted in the following way:
The study participant sits in a chair wearing a pair of head-mounted video displays. These have two small screens over each eye, which show a live film recorded by two video cameras placed beside each other two metres behind the participant's head. The image from the left video camera is presented on the left-eye display and the image from the right camera on the right-eye display. The participant sees these as one "stereoscopic" (3D) image, so they see their own back displayed from the perspective of someone sitting behind them.
The researcher then stands just beside the participant (in their view) and uses two plastic rods to simultaneously touch the participant's actual chest out-of-view and the chest of the illusory body, moving this second rod towards where the illusory chest would be located, just below the camera's view.
The participants confirmed that they had experienced sitting behind their physical body and looking at it from that location.
Both critics and the experimenter himself note that the study fell short of replicating "full-blown" OBEs. As with previous experiments which induced sensations of floating outside of the body, Ehrsson's work does not explain how a brain malfunction might cause an OBE. Essentially, Ehrsson created an illusion that fits a definition of an OBE in which "a person who is awake sees his or her body from a location outside the physical body."
Awareness during Resuscitation Study
In 2001, Sam Parnia and colleagues investigated out of body claims by placing figures on suspended boards facing the ceiling, not visible from the floor. Parnia wrote "anybody who claimed to have left their body and be near the ceiling during resuscitation attempts would be expected to identify those targets. If, however, such perceptions are psychological, then one would obviously not expect the targets to be identified." The philosopher Keith Augustine, who examined Parnia's study, has written that all target identification experiments have produced negative results. Psychologist Chris French wrote regarding the study "unfortunately, and somewhat atypically, none of the survivors in this sample experienced an OBE."
In the autumn of 2008, 25 UK and US hospitals began participation in a study, coordinated by Sam Parnia and Southampton University known as the AWARE study (AWAreness during REsuscitation). Following on from the work of Pim van Lommel in the Netherlands, the study aims to examine near-death experiences in 1,500 cardiac arrest survivors and so determine whether people without a heartbeat or brain activity can have documentable out-of-body experiences. As part of the study Parnia and colleagues have investigated out of body claims by using hidden targets placed on shelves that could only be seen from above.Parnia has written "if no one sees the pictures, it shows these experiences are illusions or false memories".
In 2014 Parnia issued a statement indicating that the first phase of the project has been completed and the results are undergoing peer review for publication in a medical journal. No subjects saw the images mounted out of sight according to Parnia's early report of the results of the study at an American Heart Association meeting in November 2013. Only two out of the 152 patients reported any visual experiences, and one of them described events that could be verified. The two NDEs occurred in an area were "no visual targets had been placed".
On October 6, 2014, the results of the study were published in the journal Resuscitation. Among those who reported a perception of awareness and completed further interviews, 46 per cent experienced a broad range of mental recollections in relation to death that were not compatible with the commonly used term of NDEs. These included fearful and persecutory experiences. Only 9 per cent had experiences compatible with NDEs and 2 per cent exhibited full awareness compatible with OBEs with explicit recall of 'seeing' and 'hearing' events. One case was validated and timed using auditory stimuli during cardiac arrest. According to Caroline Watt "The one 'verifiable period of conscious awareness' that Parnia was able to report did not relate to this objective test. Rather, it was a patient giving a supposedly accurate report of events during his resuscitation. He didn't identify the pictures, he described the defibrillator machine noise. But that's not very impressive since many people know what goes on in an emergency room setting from seeing recreations on television."
AWARE Study II
As of May 2016, a posting at the UK Clinical Trials Gateway website describes plans for AWARE II, a two-year multicenter observational study of 900-1500 patients experiencing cardiac arrest, with subjects being recruited as August 1, 2014 and a trial end date of May 31, 2017.
Smith & Messier
A recent functional imaging study reported the case of a woman who could experience out of body experience at will. She reported developing the ability as a child and associated it with difficulties in falling sleep. Her OBEs continued into adulthood but became less frequent. She was able to see herself rotating in the air above her body, lying flat, and rolling in the horizontal plane. She reported sometimes watching herself move from above but remained aware of her unmoving "real" body. The participant reported no particular emotions linked to the experience. "[T]he brain functional changes associated with the reported extra-corporeal experience (ECE) were different than those observed in motor imagery. Activations were mainly left-sided and involved the left supplementary motor area and supramarginal and posterior superior temporal gyri, the last two overlapping with the temporal parietal junction that has been associated with out-of-body experiences. The cerebellum also showed activation that is consistent with the participant's report of the impression of movement during the ECE. There was also left middle and superior orbital frontal gyri activity, regions often associated with action monitoring."
OBE training and research facilities[edit]
The International Academy of Consciousness (IAC) is a global organisation, with training centers in California, New York, London, Lisbon, Madrid, Sao Paolo, Rio de Janeiro, several other cities around the world and a research campus in Portugal. The research campus features specialised laboratories, including a spherical lab dedicated exclusively for the practice and research of out-of-body experiences.The IAC offers courses online and in person, including their signature course the Consciousness Development Programme (a comprehensive 40-hour course covering OBE techniques, with practical classes, as well as many other para-psychic themes related to the practice).
The Monroe Institute's Nancy Penn Center is a facility specializing in or out-of-body experience induction. The Center for Higher Studies of the Consciousness in Brazil is another large OBE training facility. Olaf Blanke's Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience has become a well-known laboratory for OBE research.
Astral projection
Main article: Astral projection
Astral projection is a paranormal interpretation of out-of-body experiences that assumes the existence of one or more non-physical planes of existence and an associated body beyond the physical. Commonly such planes are called astral, etheric, or spiritual. Astral projection is often experienced as the spirit or astral body leaving the physical body to travel in the spirit world or astral plane.
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out-of-body_experience
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- More from bernawy hugues kossi huo: limb additional addictive proprioception ethereal wave sinusoïde initiation floating hallucinogens hallucinating hallucinant reluctance reluctant beingoflight neardrowning neardeath dissociative trauma psychedelic visualinterface visualisation energy reflex projection rope invisible grasping vibration deep tremendous wind tornado around room conscious being meditation endure scary paralyzed position comfortable asleep supernaturally supernatural wonderland songe dream technique relaxation astralplane body leaving autoscopy seeingself pathological perceive obe rocking deprivation sensory brain stimulating electric directstimulation mechanicalinduction outofbodyexperience
- More from anybody: limb additional addictive proprioception ethereal wave sinusoïde initiation floating hallucinogens hallucinating hallucinant reluctance reluctant beingoflight neardrowning neardeath dissociative trauma psychedelic visualinterface visualisation energy reflex projection rope invisible grasping vibration deep tremendous wind tornado around room conscious being meditation endure scary paralyzed position comfortable asleep supernaturally supernatural wonderland songe dream technique relaxation astralplane body leaving autoscopy seeingself pathological perceive obe rocking deprivation sensory brain stimulating electric directstimulation mechanicalinduction outofbodyexperience
Italy / Belluno - Monte Cristallo
Italien / Belluno - Monte Cristallo
Monte Cristallo in the background seen on the way from Passo Tre Croci to Lago di Sorapis
Monte Cristallo im Hintergrund gesehen auf dem Weg vom Passo Tre Croci zum Lago di Sorapis
Cristallo (Italian pronunciation: [kriˈstallo]) is a mountain massif in the Italian Dolomites, northeast of Cortina d'Ampezzo, in the province of Belluno, Veneto, northern Italy. It is a long, indented ridge with four summits higher than 3,000 metres. The mountain range is part of the "Natural Park of the Ampezzo Dolomites".
In the north of the Cristallo group is the 1,530 m high mountain pass "Cimabanche" (in German: "Im Gemärk" also "Gemärk Pass", in Ladin: "Sorabances"), in the south the mountain pass Tre Croci (1,809 m, in Ladin: "Son Zuógo").
Peaks
The highest peaks of the Cristallo massif are Monte Cristallo (3,221 m), Cima di Mezzo (3,154 m), Piz Popena (3,152 m) and Cristallino d'Ampezzo (3,008 m). Cima di Mezzo and Cristallino d'Ampezzo can be reached by via ferratas, while Monte Cristallo and Piz Popena both require climbing skills.
First climbs
Monte Cristallo (3,221 m): 1865 (Paul Grohmann, Angelo Dimai, Santo Siorpaes), 1874 (first woman: Anna Ploner)
Cima di Mezzo (3,154 m): 1881 (John Stafford Anderson, Santo Siorpaes, Giuseppe Ghedina)
Piz Popena (3,152 m): 1870 (Eduard R. Whitwell, Santo Siorpaes, Christian Lauener)
Cristallino d'Ampezzo (3,008 m): 1886 (Michael Innerkofler, A. Angerer)
Campanile Dibona, Monte Cristallo - west peak, (2,550 m - 8,370 ft), 1908 - solo Angelo Dibona
Geology
Cristallo is largely formed from the Upper Triassic dolomitic rock Dolomia principale. The mountain was formed during Cretaceous, as well as the rest of the Dolomites, due to the collision between the African and European continents.
Access
A cable lift system starts from Rio Gere in Val Begontina, first a lift to Rifugio Son Forca at the upper end of Val Padeon. The gondola lift up to Forcella Staunies (2,919 m), close to Rifugio G. Lorenzi (2,932 m), was built for the Winter Olympics in Cortina in 1956. Both the lift and the refuge closed in summer 2016 due to "technical and administrative problems".
The Dolomite Highway number 3 goes through the eastern part of the massif.
Via ferratas
The two via ferratas VF Ivano Dibona and VF Marino Bianchi both start from the top of the cable car at Forcella Staunies. VF Marino Bianchi can be followed to the peak Cima di Mezzo.
VF Ivano Dibona follows the Zurlon-ridge. It is a historical route used in World War I, and later restored and made safe for tourists. At the beginning is the longest via ferrata suspension bridge in the Dolomites, the 27-metre-long Ponte Cristallo.
The via ferrata VF Renato de Pol can be used for access from the western side of the Cristallo massif.
Winter sports
Cristallo is one of the major skiing areas in the surroundings of Cortina. The former Staunis Verticale slope is one of the steepest in the Alps. There are numerous freeride ski routes on Monte Cristallo. The very steep gullies of the Forcella Staunis are known. To the east of Monte Cristallo there is a small ski area at Lake Misurina.
Cabins (rifugi) and restaurants
Some of the cabins and restaurants available are the Rifugio Son Forca at 2,235 m; Capanna Guido Lorenzi at 3,003 m (Auronzo di Cadore); Ristorante Rio Gere at 1,680 m; Ristorante Lago Scin at 1,336 m; Ristorante Staulin at 1,370 m; Ristorante Son Zuogo at 1,800 m.
History
During World War I there was considerable military activity in the mountain. The front lines between Italian and Austro-Hungarian troops went through the mountains. Remains of ladders and barracks are still found today, and transport lines (ferratas) have been restored. At the passes Cimabanche and Tre Croci there are Italian bunkers from the time of World War II.
Popular culture
In 1993 the film Cliffhanger was shot on and around the bridge on the Zurlon-ridge, as well as some of the other peaks in the area. The mountain film The Blue Light from 1932 revolves around Monte Cristallo.
A legend narrates that on Monte Cristallo lived a beautiful princess who had many suitors, whom she always turned down.
(Wikipedia)
Die Cristallogruppe (italienisch Gruppo del Cristallo) ist eine Gebirgsgruppe in den Ampezzaner Dolomiten in Italien. Sie befindet sich zum überwiegenden Teil in der zur Region Venetien gehörenden Provinz Belluno. Ein kleinerer Teil im Nordosten der Gruppe gehört zu Südtirol. Als Teil der von der UNESCO unter „Nördliche Dolomiten“ zusammengefassten Dolomitengruppen, gehört die Cristallogruppe seit 2009 zum UNESCO-Welterbe Dolomiten.
Geographie
Lage
Die Gebirgsgruppe liegt nordöstlich von Cortina d’Ampezzo und südlich von Toblach zwischen dem Valle del Boite im Westen, dem Val d’Ansiei im Osten und dem nördlich der Gruppe verlaufenden Höhlensteintal. Höchster Gipfel ist der Monte Cristallo (dt.: Kristallberg) mit 3221 m s.l.m.
Abgrenzung
Die Gruppe wird im Südwesten von dem vom Passo Son Forca oder Son Forcia (2110 m) in nordwestlicher Richtung verlaufenden Val Padeon mit den Rio Bosco, einem linken Zufluss des Boite, von der Pomagagnongruppe abgegrenzt. Im Süden bildet der Passo Tre Croci (1809 m) der den Übergang zwischen dem Valle del Boite und dem Val d’Ansiei darstellt die Grenze zur südlich gelegenen Sorapissgruppe. Im Osten grenzt der Misurinasee (1756 m) mit dem Col Sant’Angelo die Gruppe von der Cadini-Gruppe ab. Im Nordosten bildet das obere Val Popena mit dem Rio Popena die Grenze zu dem den Drei Zinnen vorgelagerten Monte Piana, die zu den Sextner Dolomiten gehören. Im Norden bildet das in Südtirol gelegene obere Höhlensteintal mit Schluderbach (1438 m) und der westlich davon gelegenen Passhöhe Im Gemärk (1530 m) die Grenze zu den nördlich davon gelegenen Pragser Dolomiten mit der Plätzwiese im Osten und der westlich davon gelegenen Hohen Gaisl.
Administrativ teilt sich die Cristallogruppe auf die zwei Belluneser Gemeinden Cortina d’Ampezzo und Auronzo di Cadore sowie auf die Südtiroler Gemeinde Toblach auf.
Gliederung
Die Cristallogruppe ist nach SOIUSA eine Untergruppe der östlichen Ampezzaner Dolomiten. Sie wurde bereits zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts als eigenständige Gruppe der Dolomiten betrachtet, so beispielsweise in dem von Antonio Berti verfassten und 1908 veröffentlichten Gebietsführer Dolomiti di Cadore, der 1928 erstmals in der vom Club Alpino Italiano herausgegebenen Reihe Guida dei Monti d’Italia unter dem Titel Dolomiti Orientali erschien.
Nach SOUISA und Berti lässt sich die Cristallogruppe in zwei Untergruppen aufgliedern, der Cristallo- und der Popenauntergruppe. Andere Autoren zählen als Untergruppe auch die westlich angrenzende Pomagagnongruppe dazu.
Gipfel
Monte Cristallo 3221 m
Cima di Mezzo 3154 m
Piz Popena 3152 m
Cristallino d’Ampezzo 3008 m
Cristallino di Misurina 2775 m
Tourismus
Schutzhütten
Rifugio Guido Lorenzi 2932 m, privat, seit 2016 geschlossen
Rifugio Son Forca 2235 m, privat
Ricovero Buffa di Perrero 2760 m, unbewirtschaftetes Biwak
Zugang
Durch das Massiv führt der Dolomiten-Höhenweg 3. Ein Sessellift führt von Rio Gere im Val Begontina zum (privaten) Rifugio Son Forca am oberen Ende des Val Padeon. Die Gondelbahn in die Forcella Staunies (2919 m) und zur Capanna G. Lorenzi wurde für die Olympischen Winterspiele in Cortina im Jahre 1956 errichtet; im Winter fungierte sie als Doppelsessellift, im Sommer als Stehgondelbahn. Seit 2016 ist sie bis auf Weiteres geschlossen.
Klettersteige
Drei Klettersteige (Via Ferrata) erschließen das Gebirgsmassiv und folgen zum größten Teil den alten Kriegspfaden. Neben der Via Ferrata Renato de Pol, die das Gebiet von Nordwesten her erschließt, gibt es noch die Via Ferrata Ivano Dibona und die Via Ferrata Marino Bianchi.
Geschichte
Während des Ersten Weltkrieges gab es hier erhebliche militärische Aktivitäten. Die Fronten zwischen den italienischen und österreichischen Truppen verliefen durch dieses Gebiet. Überreste von Leitern, militärischen Stellungen und Gebäuden zeugen noch heute davon.
Varia
Im Jahre 1993 wurden Teile des Filmes Cliffhanger – Nur die Starken überleben im Bereich der Cristallogruppe gedreht.
(Wikipedia)
Cristallo (Italian pronunciation: [kriˈstallo]) is a mountain massif in the Italian Dolomites, northeast of Cortina d'Ampezzo, in the province of Belluno, Veneto, northern Italy. It is a long, indented ridge with four summits higher than 3,000 metres. The mountain range is part of the "Natural Park of the Ampezzo Dolomites".
In the north of the Cristallo group is the 1,530 m high mountain pass "Cimabanche" (in German: "Im Gemärk" also "Gemärk Pass", in Ladin: "Sorabances"), in the south the mountain pass Tre Croci (1,809 m, in Ladin: "Son Zuógo").
Peaks
The highest peaks of the Cristallo massif are Monte Cristallo (3,221 m), Cima di Mezzo (3,154 m), Piz Popena (3,152 m) and Cristallino d'Ampezzo (3,008 m). Cima di Mezzo and Cristallino d'Ampezzo can be reached by via ferratas, while Monte Cristallo and Piz Popena both require climbing skills.
First climbs
Monte Cristallo (3,221 m): 1865 (Paul Grohmann, Angelo Dimai, Santo Siorpaes), 1874 (first woman: Anna Ploner)
Cima di Mezzo (3,154 m): 1881 (John Stafford Anderson, Santo Siorpaes, Giuseppe Ghedina)
Piz Popena (3,152 m): 1870 (Eduard R. Whitwell, Santo Siorpaes, Christian Lauener)
Cristallino d'Ampezzo (3,008 m): 1886 (Michael Innerkofler, A. Angerer)
Campanile Dibona, Monte Cristallo - west peak, (2,550 m - 8,370 ft), 1908 - solo Angelo Dibona
Geology
Cristallo is largely formed from the Upper Triassic dolomitic rock Dolomia principale. The mountain was formed during Cretaceous, as well as the rest of the Dolomites, due to the collision between the African and European continents.
Access
A cable lift system starts from Rio Gere in Val Begontina, first a lift to Rifugio Son Forca at the upper end of Val Padeon. The gondola lift up to Forcella Staunies (2,919 m), close to Rifugio G. Lorenzi (2,932 m), was built for the Winter Olympics in Cortina in 1956. Both the lift and the refuge closed in summer 2016 due to "technical and administrative problems".
The Dolomite Highway number 3 goes through the eastern part of the massif.
Via ferratas
The two via ferratas VF Ivano Dibona and VF Marino Bianchi both start from the top of the cable car at Forcella Staunies. VF Marino Bianchi can be followed to the peak Cima di Mezzo.
VF Ivano Dibona follows the Zurlon-ridge. It is a historical route used in World War I, and later restored and made safe for tourists. At the beginning is the longest via ferrata suspension bridge in the Dolomites, the 27-metre-long Ponte Cristallo.
The via ferrata VF Renato de Pol can be used for access from the western side of the Cristallo massif.
Winter sports
Cristallo is one of the major skiing areas in the surroundings of Cortina. The former Staunis Verticale slope is one of the steepest in the Alps. There are numerous freeride ski routes on Monte Cristallo. The very steep gullies of the Forcella Staunis are known. To the east of Monte Cristallo there is a small ski area at Lake Misurina.
Cabins (rifugi) and restaurants
Some of the cabins and restaurants available are the Rifugio Son Forca at 2,235 m; Capanna Guido Lorenzi at 3,003 m (Auronzo di Cadore); Ristorante Rio Gere at 1,680 m; Ristorante Lago Scin at 1,336 m; Ristorante Staulin at 1,370 m; Ristorante Son Zuogo at 1,800 m.
History
During World War I there was considerable military activity in the mountain. The front lines between Italian and Austro-Hungarian troops went through the mountains. Remains of ladders and barracks are still found today, and transport lines (ferratas) have been restored. At the passes Cimabanche and Tre Croci there are Italian bunkers from the time of World War II.
Popular culture
In 1993 the film Cliffhanger was shot on and around the bridge on the Zurlon-ridge, as well as some of the other peaks in the area. The mountain film The Blue Light from 1932 revolves around Monte Cristallo.
A legend narrates that on Monte Cristallo lived a beautiful princess who had many suitors, whom she always turned down.
(Wikipedia)
Die Cristallogruppe (italienisch Gruppo del Cristallo) ist eine Gebirgsgruppe in den Ampezzaner Dolomiten in Italien. Sie befindet sich zum überwiegenden Teil in der zur Region Venetien gehörenden Provinz Belluno. Ein kleinerer Teil im Nordosten der Gruppe gehört zu Südtirol. Als Teil der von der UNESCO unter „Nördliche Dolomiten“ zusammengefassten Dolomitengruppen, gehört die Cristallogruppe seit 2009 zum UNESCO-Welterbe Dolomiten.
Geographie
Lage
Die Gebirgsgruppe liegt nordöstlich von Cortina d’Ampezzo und südlich von Toblach zwischen dem Valle del Boite im Westen, dem Val d’Ansiei im Osten und dem nördlich der Gruppe verlaufenden Höhlensteintal. Höchster Gipfel ist der Monte Cristallo (dt.: Kristallberg) mit 3221 m s.l.m.
Abgrenzung
Die Gruppe wird im Südwesten von dem vom Passo Son Forca oder Son Forcia (2110 m) in nordwestlicher Richtung verlaufenden Val Padeon mit den Rio Bosco, einem linken Zufluss des Boite, von der Pomagagnongruppe abgegrenzt. Im Süden bildet der Passo Tre Croci (1809 m) der den Übergang zwischen dem Valle del Boite und dem Val d’Ansiei darstellt die Grenze zur südlich gelegenen Sorapissgruppe. Im Osten grenzt der Misurinasee (1756 m) mit dem Col Sant’Angelo die Gruppe von der Cadini-Gruppe ab. Im Nordosten bildet das obere Val Popena mit dem Rio Popena die Grenze zu dem den Drei Zinnen vorgelagerten Monte Piana, die zu den Sextner Dolomiten gehören. Im Norden bildet das in Südtirol gelegene obere Höhlensteintal mit Schluderbach (1438 m) und der westlich davon gelegenen Passhöhe Im Gemärk (1530 m) die Grenze zu den nördlich davon gelegenen Pragser Dolomiten mit der Plätzwiese im Osten und der westlich davon gelegenen Hohen Gaisl.
Administrativ teilt sich die Cristallogruppe auf die zwei Belluneser Gemeinden Cortina d’Ampezzo und Auronzo di Cadore sowie auf die Südtiroler Gemeinde Toblach auf.
Gliederung
Die Cristallogruppe ist nach SOIUSA eine Untergruppe der östlichen Ampezzaner Dolomiten. Sie wurde bereits zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts als eigenständige Gruppe der Dolomiten betrachtet, so beispielsweise in dem von Antonio Berti verfassten und 1908 veröffentlichten Gebietsführer Dolomiti di Cadore, der 1928 erstmals in der vom Club Alpino Italiano herausgegebenen Reihe Guida dei Monti d’Italia unter dem Titel Dolomiti Orientali erschien.
Nach SOUISA und Berti lässt sich die Cristallogruppe in zwei Untergruppen aufgliedern, der Cristallo- und der Popenauntergruppe. Andere Autoren zählen als Untergruppe auch die westlich angrenzende Pomagagnongruppe dazu.
Gipfel
Monte Cristallo 3221 m
Cima di Mezzo 3154 m
Piz Popena 3152 m
Cristallino d’Ampezzo 3008 m
Cristallino di Misurina 2775 m
Tourismus
Schutzhütten
Rifugio Guido Lorenzi 2932 m, privat, seit 2016 geschlossen
Rifugio Son Forca 2235 m, privat
Ricovero Buffa di Perrero 2760 m, unbewirtschaftetes Biwak
Zugang
Durch das Massiv führt der Dolomiten-Höhenweg 3. Ein Sessellift führt von Rio Gere im Val Begontina zum (privaten) Rifugio Son Forca am oberen Ende des Val Padeon. Die Gondelbahn in die Forcella Staunies (2919 m) und zur Capanna G. Lorenzi wurde für die Olympischen Winterspiele in Cortina im Jahre 1956 errichtet; im Winter fungierte sie als Doppelsessellift, im Sommer als Stehgondelbahn. Seit 2016 ist sie bis auf Weiteres geschlossen.
Klettersteige
Drei Klettersteige (Via Ferrata) erschließen das Gebirgsmassiv und folgen zum größten Teil den alten Kriegspfaden. Neben der Via Ferrata Renato de Pol, die das Gebiet von Nordwesten her erschließt, gibt es noch die Via Ferrata Ivano Dibona und die Via Ferrata Marino Bianchi.
Geschichte
Während des Ersten Weltkrieges gab es hier erhebliche militärische Aktivitäten. Die Fronten zwischen den italienischen und österreichischen Truppen verliefen durch dieses Gebiet. Überreste von Leitern, militärischen Stellungen und Gebäuden zeugen noch heute davon.
Varia
Im Jahre 1993 wurden Teile des Filmes Cliffhanger – Nur die Starken überleben im Bereich der Cristallogruppe gedreht.
(Wikipedia)
Italien / Belluno - Monte Cristallo
Monte Cristallo in the background seen on the way from Passo Tre Croci to Lago di Sorapis
Monte Cristallo im Hintergrund gesehen auf dem Weg vom Passo Tre Croci zum Lago di Sorapis
Cristallo (Italian pronunciation: [kriˈstallo]) is a mountain massif in the Italian Dolomites, northeast of Cortina d'Ampezzo, in the province of Belluno, Veneto, northern Italy. It is a long, indented ridge with four summits higher than 3,000 metres. The mountain range is part of the "Natural Park of the Ampezzo Dolomites".
In the north of the Cristallo group is the 1,530 m high mountain pass "Cimabanche" (in German: "Im Gemärk" also "Gemärk Pass", in Ladin: "Sorabances"), in the south the mountain pass Tre Croci (1,809 m, in Ladin: "Son Zuógo").
Peaks
The highest peaks of the Cristallo massif are Monte Cristallo (3,221 m), Cima di Mezzo (3,154 m), Piz Popena (3,152 m) and Cristallino d'Ampezzo (3,008 m). Cima di Mezzo and Cristallino d'Ampezzo can be reached by via ferratas, while Monte Cristallo and Piz Popena both require climbing skills.
First climbs
Monte Cristallo (3,221 m): 1865 (Paul Grohmann, Angelo Dimai, Santo Siorpaes), 1874 (first woman: Anna Ploner)
Cima di Mezzo (3,154 m): 1881 (John Stafford Anderson, Santo Siorpaes, Giuseppe Ghedina)
Piz Popena (3,152 m): 1870 (Eduard R. Whitwell, Santo Siorpaes, Christian Lauener)
Cristallino d'Ampezzo (3,008 m): 1886 (Michael Innerkofler, A. Angerer)
Campanile Dibona, Monte Cristallo - west peak, (2,550 m - 8,370 ft), 1908 - solo Angelo Dibona
Geology
Cristallo is largely formed from the Upper Triassic dolomitic rock Dolomia principale. The mountain was formed during Cretaceous, as well as the rest of the Dolomites, due to the collision between the African and European continents.
Access
A cable lift system starts from Rio Gere in Val Begontina, first a lift to Rifugio Son Forca at the upper end of Val Padeon. The gondola lift up to Forcella Staunies (2,919 m), close to Rifugio G. Lorenzi (2,932 m), was built for the Winter Olympics in Cortina in 1956. Both the lift and the refuge closed in summer 2016 due to "technical and administrative problems".
The Dolomite Highway number 3 goes through the eastern part of the massif.
Via ferratas
The two via ferratas VF Ivano Dibona and VF Marino Bianchi both start from the top of the cable car at Forcella Staunies. VF Marino Bianchi can be followed to the peak Cima di Mezzo.
VF Ivano Dibona follows the Zurlon-ridge. It is a historical route used in World War I, and later restored and made safe for tourists. At the beginning is the longest via ferrata suspension bridge in the Dolomites, the 27-metre-long Ponte Cristallo.
The via ferrata VF Renato de Pol can be used for access from the western side of the Cristallo massif.
Winter sports
Cristallo is one of the major skiing areas in the surroundings of Cortina. The former Staunis Verticale slope is one of the steepest in the Alps. There are numerous freeride ski routes on Monte Cristallo. The very steep gullies of the Forcella Staunis are known. To the east of Monte Cristallo there is a small ski area at Lake Misurina.
Cabins (rifugi) and restaurants
Some of the cabins and restaurants available are the Rifugio Son Forca at 2,235 m; Capanna Guido Lorenzi at 3,003 m (Auronzo di Cadore); Ristorante Rio Gere at 1,680 m; Ristorante Lago Scin at 1,336 m; Ristorante Staulin at 1,370 m; Ristorante Son Zuogo at 1,800 m.
History
During World War I there was considerable military activity in the mountain. The front lines between Italian and Austro-Hungarian troops went through the mountains. Remains of ladders and barracks are still found today, and transport lines (ferratas) have been restored. At the passes Cimabanche and Tre Croci there are Italian bunkers from the time of World War II.
Popular culture
In 1993 the film Cliffhanger was shot on and around the bridge on the Zurlon-ridge, as well as some of the other peaks in the area. The mountain film The Blue Light from 1932 revolves around Monte Cristallo.
A legend narrates that on Monte Cristallo lived a beautiful princess who had many suitors, whom she always turned down.
(Wikipedia)
Die Cristallogruppe (italienisch Gruppo del Cristallo) ist eine Gebirgsgruppe in den Ampezzaner Dolomiten in Italien. Sie befindet sich zum überwiegenden Teil in der zur Region Venetien gehörenden Provinz Belluno. Ein kleinerer Teil im Nordosten der Gruppe gehört zu Südtirol. Als Teil der von der UNESCO unter „Nördliche Dolomiten“ zusammengefassten Dolomitengruppen, gehört die Cristallogruppe seit 2009 zum UNESCO-Welterbe Dolomiten.
Geographie
Lage
Die Gebirgsgruppe liegt nordöstlich von Cortina d’Ampezzo und südlich von Toblach zwischen dem Valle del Boite im Westen, dem Val d’Ansiei im Osten und dem nördlich der Gruppe verlaufenden Höhlensteintal. Höchster Gipfel ist der Monte Cristallo (dt.: Kristallberg) mit 3221 m s.l.m.
Abgrenzung
Die Gruppe wird im Südwesten von dem vom Passo Son Forca oder Son Forcia (2110 m) in nordwestlicher Richtung verlaufenden Val Padeon mit den Rio Bosco, einem linken Zufluss des Boite, von der Pomagagnongruppe abgegrenzt. Im Süden bildet der Passo Tre Croci (1809 m) der den Übergang zwischen dem Valle del Boite und dem Val d’Ansiei darstellt die Grenze zur südlich gelegenen Sorapissgruppe. Im Osten grenzt der Misurinasee (1756 m) mit dem Col Sant’Angelo die Gruppe von der Cadini-Gruppe ab. Im Nordosten bildet das obere Val Popena mit dem Rio Popena die Grenze zu dem den Drei Zinnen vorgelagerten Monte Piana, die zu den Sextner Dolomiten gehören. Im Norden bildet das in Südtirol gelegene obere Höhlensteintal mit Schluderbach (1438 m) und der westlich davon gelegenen Passhöhe Im Gemärk (1530 m) die Grenze zu den nördlich davon gelegenen Pragser Dolomiten mit der Plätzwiese im Osten und der westlich davon gelegenen Hohen Gaisl.
Administrativ teilt sich die Cristallogruppe auf die zwei Belluneser Gemeinden Cortina d’Ampezzo und Auronzo di Cadore sowie auf die Südtiroler Gemeinde Toblach auf.
Gliederung
Die Cristallogruppe ist nach SOIUSA eine Untergruppe der östlichen Ampezzaner Dolomiten. Sie wurde bereits zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts als eigenständige Gruppe der Dolomiten betrachtet, so beispielsweise in dem von Antonio Berti verfassten und 1908 veröffentlichten Gebietsführer Dolomiti di Cadore, der 1928 erstmals in der vom Club Alpino Italiano herausgegebenen Reihe Guida dei Monti d’Italia unter dem Titel Dolomiti Orientali erschien.
Nach SOUISA und Berti lässt sich die Cristallogruppe in zwei Untergruppen aufgliedern, der Cristallo- und der Popenauntergruppe. Andere Autoren zählen als Untergruppe auch die westlich angrenzende Pomagagnongruppe dazu.
Gipfel
Monte Cristallo 3221 m
Cima di Mezzo 3154 m
Piz Popena 3152 m
Cristallino d’Ampezzo 3008 m
Cristallino di Misurina 2775 m
Tourismus
Schutzhütten
Rifugio Guido Lorenzi 2932 m, privat, seit 2016 geschlossen
Rifugio Son Forca 2235 m, privat
Ricovero Buffa di Perrero 2760 m, unbewirtschaftetes Biwak
Zugang
Durch das Massiv führt der Dolomiten-Höhenweg 3. Ein Sessellift führt von Rio Gere im Val Begontina zum (privaten) Rifugio Son Forca am oberen Ende des Val Padeon. Die Gondelbahn in die Forcella Staunies (2919 m) und zur Capanna G. Lorenzi wurde für die Olympischen Winterspiele in Cortina im Jahre 1956 errichtet; im Winter fungierte sie als Doppelsessellift, im Sommer als Stehgondelbahn. Seit 2016 ist sie bis auf Weiteres geschlossen.
Klettersteige
Drei Klettersteige (Via Ferrata) erschließen das Gebirgsmassiv und folgen zum größten Teil den alten Kriegspfaden. Neben der Via Ferrata Renato de Pol, die das Gebiet von Nordwesten her erschließt, gibt es noch die Via Ferrata Ivano Dibona und die Via Ferrata Marino Bianchi.
Geschichte
Während des Ersten Weltkrieges gab es hier erhebliche militärische Aktivitäten. Die Fronten zwischen den italienischen und österreichischen Truppen verliefen durch dieses Gebiet. Überreste von Leitern, militärischen Stellungen und Gebäuden zeugen noch heute davon.
Varia
Im Jahre 1993 wurden Teile des Filmes Cliffhanger – Nur die Starken überleben im Bereich der Cristallogruppe gedreht.
(Wikipedia)
Cristallo (Italian pronunciation: [kriˈstallo]) is a mountain massif in the Italian Dolomites, northeast of Cortina d'Ampezzo, in the province of Belluno, Veneto, northern Italy. It is a long, indented ridge with four summits higher than 3,000 metres. The mountain range is part of the "Natural Park of the Ampezzo Dolomites".
In the north of the Cristallo group is the 1,530 m high mountain pass "Cimabanche" (in German: "Im Gemärk" also "Gemärk Pass", in Ladin: "Sorabances"), in the south the mountain pass Tre Croci (1,809 m, in Ladin: "Son Zuógo").
Peaks
The highest peaks of the Cristallo massif are Monte Cristallo (3,221 m), Cima di Mezzo (3,154 m), Piz Popena (3,152 m) and Cristallino d'Ampezzo (3,008 m). Cima di Mezzo and Cristallino d'Ampezzo can be reached by via ferratas, while Monte Cristallo and Piz Popena both require climbing skills.
First climbs
Monte Cristallo (3,221 m): 1865 (Paul Grohmann, Angelo Dimai, Santo Siorpaes), 1874 (first woman: Anna Ploner)
Cima di Mezzo (3,154 m): 1881 (John Stafford Anderson, Santo Siorpaes, Giuseppe Ghedina)
Piz Popena (3,152 m): 1870 (Eduard R. Whitwell, Santo Siorpaes, Christian Lauener)
Cristallino d'Ampezzo (3,008 m): 1886 (Michael Innerkofler, A. Angerer)
Campanile Dibona, Monte Cristallo - west peak, (2,550 m - 8,370 ft), 1908 - solo Angelo Dibona
Geology
Cristallo is largely formed from the Upper Triassic dolomitic rock Dolomia principale. The mountain was formed during Cretaceous, as well as the rest of the Dolomites, due to the collision between the African and European continents.
Access
A cable lift system starts from Rio Gere in Val Begontina, first a lift to Rifugio Son Forca at the upper end of Val Padeon. The gondola lift up to Forcella Staunies (2,919 m), close to Rifugio G. Lorenzi (2,932 m), was built for the Winter Olympics in Cortina in 1956. Both the lift and the refuge closed in summer 2016 due to "technical and administrative problems".
The Dolomite Highway number 3 goes through the eastern part of the massif.
Via ferratas
The two via ferratas VF Ivano Dibona and VF Marino Bianchi both start from the top of the cable car at Forcella Staunies. VF Marino Bianchi can be followed to the peak Cima di Mezzo.
VF Ivano Dibona follows the Zurlon-ridge. It is a historical route used in World War I, and later restored and made safe for tourists. At the beginning is the longest via ferrata suspension bridge in the Dolomites, the 27-metre-long Ponte Cristallo.
The via ferrata VF Renato de Pol can be used for access from the western side of the Cristallo massif.
Winter sports
Cristallo is one of the major skiing areas in the surroundings of Cortina. The former Staunis Verticale slope is one of the steepest in the Alps. There are numerous freeride ski routes on Monte Cristallo. The very steep gullies of the Forcella Staunis are known. To the east of Monte Cristallo there is a small ski area at Lake Misurina.
Cabins (rifugi) and restaurants
Some of the cabins and restaurants available are the Rifugio Son Forca at 2,235 m; Capanna Guido Lorenzi at 3,003 m (Auronzo di Cadore); Ristorante Rio Gere at 1,680 m; Ristorante Lago Scin at 1,336 m; Ristorante Staulin at 1,370 m; Ristorante Son Zuogo at 1,800 m.
History
During World War I there was considerable military activity in the mountain. The front lines between Italian and Austro-Hungarian troops went through the mountains. Remains of ladders and barracks are still found today, and transport lines (ferratas) have been restored. At the passes Cimabanche and Tre Croci there are Italian bunkers from the time of World War II.
Popular culture
In 1993 the film Cliffhanger was shot on and around the bridge on the Zurlon-ridge, as well as some of the other peaks in the area. The mountain film The Blue Light from 1932 revolves around Monte Cristallo.
A legend narrates that on Monte Cristallo lived a beautiful princess who had many suitors, whom she always turned down.
(Wikipedia)
Die Cristallogruppe (italienisch Gruppo del Cristallo) ist eine Gebirgsgruppe in den Ampezzaner Dolomiten in Italien. Sie befindet sich zum überwiegenden Teil in der zur Region Venetien gehörenden Provinz Belluno. Ein kleinerer Teil im Nordosten der Gruppe gehört zu Südtirol. Als Teil der von der UNESCO unter „Nördliche Dolomiten“ zusammengefassten Dolomitengruppen, gehört die Cristallogruppe seit 2009 zum UNESCO-Welterbe Dolomiten.
Geographie
Lage
Die Gebirgsgruppe liegt nordöstlich von Cortina d’Ampezzo und südlich von Toblach zwischen dem Valle del Boite im Westen, dem Val d’Ansiei im Osten und dem nördlich der Gruppe verlaufenden Höhlensteintal. Höchster Gipfel ist der Monte Cristallo (dt.: Kristallberg) mit 3221 m s.l.m.
Abgrenzung
Die Gruppe wird im Südwesten von dem vom Passo Son Forca oder Son Forcia (2110 m) in nordwestlicher Richtung verlaufenden Val Padeon mit den Rio Bosco, einem linken Zufluss des Boite, von der Pomagagnongruppe abgegrenzt. Im Süden bildet der Passo Tre Croci (1809 m) der den Übergang zwischen dem Valle del Boite und dem Val d’Ansiei darstellt die Grenze zur südlich gelegenen Sorapissgruppe. Im Osten grenzt der Misurinasee (1756 m) mit dem Col Sant’Angelo die Gruppe von der Cadini-Gruppe ab. Im Nordosten bildet das obere Val Popena mit dem Rio Popena die Grenze zu dem den Drei Zinnen vorgelagerten Monte Piana, die zu den Sextner Dolomiten gehören. Im Norden bildet das in Südtirol gelegene obere Höhlensteintal mit Schluderbach (1438 m) und der westlich davon gelegenen Passhöhe Im Gemärk (1530 m) die Grenze zu den nördlich davon gelegenen Pragser Dolomiten mit der Plätzwiese im Osten und der westlich davon gelegenen Hohen Gaisl.
Administrativ teilt sich die Cristallogruppe auf die zwei Belluneser Gemeinden Cortina d’Ampezzo und Auronzo di Cadore sowie auf die Südtiroler Gemeinde Toblach auf.
Gliederung
Die Cristallogruppe ist nach SOIUSA eine Untergruppe der östlichen Ampezzaner Dolomiten. Sie wurde bereits zu Beginn des 20. Jahrhunderts als eigenständige Gruppe der Dolomiten betrachtet, so beispielsweise in dem von Antonio Berti verfassten und 1908 veröffentlichten Gebietsführer Dolomiti di Cadore, der 1928 erstmals in der vom Club Alpino Italiano herausgegebenen Reihe Guida dei Monti d’Italia unter dem Titel Dolomiti Orientali erschien.
Nach SOUISA und Berti lässt sich die Cristallogruppe in zwei Untergruppen aufgliedern, der Cristallo- und der Popenauntergruppe. Andere Autoren zählen als Untergruppe auch die westlich angrenzende Pomagagnongruppe dazu.
Gipfel
Monte Cristallo 3221 m
Cima di Mezzo 3154 m
Piz Popena 3152 m
Cristallino d’Ampezzo 3008 m
Cristallino di Misurina 2775 m
Tourismus
Schutzhütten
Rifugio Guido Lorenzi 2932 m, privat, seit 2016 geschlossen
Rifugio Son Forca 2235 m, privat
Ricovero Buffa di Perrero 2760 m, unbewirtschaftetes Biwak
Zugang
Durch das Massiv führt der Dolomiten-Höhenweg 3. Ein Sessellift führt von Rio Gere im Val Begontina zum (privaten) Rifugio Son Forca am oberen Ende des Val Padeon. Die Gondelbahn in die Forcella Staunies (2919 m) und zur Capanna G. Lorenzi wurde für die Olympischen Winterspiele in Cortina im Jahre 1956 errichtet; im Winter fungierte sie als Doppelsessellift, im Sommer als Stehgondelbahn. Seit 2016 ist sie bis auf Weiteres geschlossen.
Klettersteige
Drei Klettersteige (Via Ferrata) erschließen das Gebirgsmassiv und folgen zum größten Teil den alten Kriegspfaden. Neben der Via Ferrata Renato de Pol, die das Gebiet von Nordwesten her erschließt, gibt es noch die Via Ferrata Ivano Dibona und die Via Ferrata Marino Bianchi.
Geschichte
Während des Ersten Weltkrieges gab es hier erhebliche militärische Aktivitäten. Die Fronten zwischen den italienischen und österreichischen Truppen verliefen durch dieses Gebiet. Überreste von Leitern, militärischen Stellungen und Gebäuden zeugen noch heute davon.
Varia
Im Jahre 1993 wurden Teile des Filmes Cliffhanger – Nur die Starken überleben im Bereich der Cristallogruppe gedreht.
(Wikipedia)
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